tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71468915021836079092023-11-15T05:18:15.469-08:00blogceriashyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-42877239019660091302012-05-15T22:26:00.000-07:002012-05-15T22:26:04.932-07:00sejarah kelompok 2 sma 1 wtp<br />
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PASCA-PROKLAMASI SAMPAI DEMOKRASI LIBERAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sembah
sujud penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan
hidayah-Nya sehingga makalah ini dapat terselesikan walaupun masih jauh dari
kesempurnaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Shalawat
dan taslim kita kirimkan kepada junjungan Nabiullah Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa
kita dari alam kegelapan menuju alam yang terang benderang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tak
lupa pula kami ucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bapak
H. M. Thahir B., S. Pd., yang telah memberikan bantuan berupa dorongan sehingga
makalah ini dapat terselesaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang
tua kami yang telah banyak memberikan dukungan sehingga makalh ini dapat
terselesaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teman-teman
sekalian yang telah memberikan bantuan dan semangat sehingga makalah ini dapat
terselasaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terakhir,
ucapan terimah kasih kami sampaikan kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu
dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Selain itu kami pun mengucapkan terimah kasih
kepada guru bapak H. M. Thahir B., S. Pd.,. Walaupun makalah ini jauh dari
kesempurnaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Watampone,
14 maret 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Penulis
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kelompok 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Isi ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR
BELAKANG 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Menjelaskan kebijakan sementara pemerintah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam hidup ekonomi pasca proklamasi. 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjelaskan
tujuan belada melakukan blockade <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ekonomi pasca proklamasi. 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menuliskan beberapa upaya pemerintah
RI </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk
mengatasi kekacauan dibidang ekonomi. 10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan yang dimaksud uang ORI
dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagaimana penggunaanya. 14</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SARAN 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR
BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi perekonomian Indonesia di awal
kemerdekaan dalam keadaan sulit sebab bangsa Indonesia belum memiliki mata uang
sendiri. Untuk sementara pemerintah RI menetapkan berlakunya tiga mata uang di
Indonesia antara lain, mata uang <i>de
Javache Bank </i>, mata uang Hindia Belanda, dan mata uang penduduk Jepang.
Dengan itu pemerintah mangeluarkan uang ORI (Oeang Republik Indonesia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa sebab kondisi ekonomi
Indonesia di awal kemerdekaan mengalami kemerosotan adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peredaran
mata uang Jepang yang tidak terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diedarkan
uang cadangan sebesar 2.3 miliar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kas
Negara kosong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pajak
dan bea masuk sangan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
prodoksi pertanian dan perkebunan tidak dapat diekspor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mengatasi kondisi perekonomian
yang makin memburuk, pemerintah mengambil langkah-langkah sebagai berikut ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pinjaman Nasional</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi Ekonomi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Februari 1946<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pembentukan <i>Planning Board</i> (Badan Perancang Ekonomi) pada tanggal
19 Januari 1947</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Rencana Kasimo <i>(Kasimo Plan)</i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Persatuan</span><span lang="EN-US"> Tenaga
Ekonomi (PTE)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjelaskan
kebijakan sementara pemerintah dalam hidup ekonomi pasca proklamasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjelaskan
tujuan belada melakukan blockade ekonomi pasca proklamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menuliskan beberapa upaya pemerintah
RI untuk mengatasi kekacauan dibidang ekonomi. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan yang dimaksud uang ORI
dan bagaimana penggunaanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
kebijakan sementara pemerintah dalam hidup ekonomi pasca proklamasi !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi perekonomian Indonesia di awal
kemerdekaan dalam keadaan sulit sebab bangsa Indonesia belum memiliki mata uang
sendiri. Untuk sementara pemerintah RI menetapkan berlakunya tiga mata uang di
Indonesia antara lain, mata uang <i>de
Javache Bank </i>, mata uang Hindia Belanda, dan mata uang penduduk Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa sebab kondisi ekonomi
Indonesia di awal kemerdekaan mengalami kemerosotan adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peredaran
mata uang Jepang yang tidak terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diedarkan
uang cadangan sebesar 2.3 miliar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kas
Negara kosong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pajak dan bea masuk
sangan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil prodoksi
pertanian dan perkebunan tidak dapat diekspor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mengatasi kondisi perekonomian yang makin
memburuk, pemerintah mengambil langkah-langkah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengangkan
Ir. Suharman sebagai Menteri Keuangan, mengusulkan pada Badan Pekerjaan Komite
Nasional Indonesia Pusat (BP-KNIP) untuk mlaksanakan pinjaman nasional.
Pinjaman nasional merupakan upayah pemerintah RI unutk mengumpulkan dana dari
masyarakat unutk menyelanggarakn pemerintahan. Usul ini diterima BP-KNIP
sebagai salah satu solusi dari krisis ekonomi. Pinjaman nasional dilakukan pada
bulan juli 1946. Rakyat harus menytor uangnya ke Bank Tabunagn Pos atau
rumah-rumah penggadaian. Upayah penyetoran pada tahap awal berhasil
mengumpulkan dana sebesar Rp.500.000.000,00. Dana yang dosetor oloeh rakyat
Indonesia akan dikembalakan selama 40 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tanggal 1 Oktober 1946 dikeluarkan UU No. 17 Tahun 1946 tentang Pengeluaran
Uang Kertas Republik Indonesia yang kemudian dikenal dengan Oeang Republik
Indonesia (ORI). Pada tanggal 25 Oktober 1946 diatur dengan dasar pertukarannya
dengan UU No. 19 Tahun 1946, yakni 50 rupiah uang Jepang disamakan 1 rupiah
ORI, dan diluar Jawa dan Madura 100 rupiah uang Jepang sama dengan 1 rupiah
ORI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
menerbitkan ORI , pemerintah RI kemudian mendirikan suatu bank yang fngsiny
sebagai pengatur nelai tukar uang pendudukan Jepang dan ORI . Bank tersebut
adalah bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) yang didirikan 1 November 1946. Bank ini
pada awalnya adalah sebuah yayasan pusat bank yang didirikan oleh Margono
Djojohadikusumo pada bulan Juli 1946 . tugas BNI kemudian di alihkan pada Bank
Indonesia sejak tahun 1953, setelah dilakukan nasionalisasi terhadap <i>De Javasche Bank .</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
bulan februari 1946 pemerintah melakukan konfrensi ekonomi yang menghasilkan
konsepsi sebagai berikut .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
makann akan di tandatngani Badan Pengawasan Makan Rakyat yang kemudian menjadi
Badan Persediaan dan Pembahagian Bahan Makanan(PPBM).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
produksi perkebunan diawasi langsung pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibentuk
Badan Perencanaan Ekonomi oleh Menteri Kemakmuran dr.A.K. Gani pada tanggal 19
Januari 1947.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil sidang BPE memutuskan Rencana Pembangunan
sepuluh tahun rencana pertama yang
dikemukakan yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
bangunan umum, perkebunan, dan industri yang telah ada sebelum menjadi milik
Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bengunan
vital yang bersifat umum milik asing dinasoinalisasikan dengan pembayaran ganti
rugi .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan
milik Jepang akan disita sebagai ganti rugi terhadap RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan
modal asing swasta lainya dikembaliakan kepada yang berhak sesudah diadakan
perjanjian RI dengan Belanda . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menteri
Persediaan Makanan Rakyat , I.J. Kasimo membuat rencana kima tahunan, yaitu
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
kebun bibit dan padi unggul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanaman
kembali lahan-lahan kosong di Sumatra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pencegahan penyembelihan hewan yang berperan
dalam pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengadakan
teransmigrasi 20 juta penduduk Pulau Jawa ke Sumatra dalam waktu 15 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana Kasimo ini sesuai dengan Rekonstruksi dan
Rasionalisasi (RERA)angakatan perang pada tahun 1948. Tetapi rencan Kasimo
tidak berhasil dilaksanakan dengan baik, karena situasi politik yang tidak
stabil dan adanya Agresi Militer Belanda II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan
program Rekonstruksi dan Rasionalisasi
(Rera)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintah
mendorong para pengusaha swasta ikut serta dalam perkembangan ekonomi nasional
dengan mengaktifkan kembali Persatuan Tenaga Ekonomi (PTE).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gabungan
Saudagar Indonesia Daerah Aceh (GASIDA) diaktifkan kembali dalam rangka
menegakkan ekonomi Indonesia. Selanjutnya, pada masa Kabinet Djuanda berusaha
memperbaiki ekonomi dengan menggunakan MUNAP (Musyawarah Nasional Pembangunan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionaliasasi <i>De Javasche Bank Indonesia </i>. Sebelum
kita membicarakan nasionalisasi <i>De
Javasche Bank, </i>kita ketahui bahwa usaha pemeritah RI dalam memperbaiki
ekonomi dan keuangan dengan membentuk bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) pada tanggal
1 November 1946, yang berawal dari sebuah yayasan pusat Bank yang didirikan
Kuli 1946 di bawah Margono Joyohadikoesoemo, yang sebelumnya telah dirintis
BRI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya,
pada akhir tahun 1951 kebijakan ekonomi keuangan ditijau kembali sesudah
nasionalisasi <i>De Javasche Bank </i>menjadi
bank Indonesia . cabinet Soekiman akhirnya menasionalisasikan <i>De Javasche Bank </i>yang sebelumnya milik
Belanda , kemudian dinasionalisasikan menjadi milik Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun proses
nasionalisasinya adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibentuk
panitia nasionalisasi <i>De Javasche Bank </i>pada
tanggal 19 Juni 1951 berdsarkan keputusan Pemerintah No. 118 Tahun 1951 tanggal
2 Juni 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugas
panitia mengajukan usul rencana nasionalisasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
tujuan belada melakukan blockade ekonomi pasca proklamasi !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya blokade ekonomi oleh Belanda
sejak bulan November 1945 untuk menutup pintu perdagangan luar negri RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blokade laut ini dimulai pada bulan
November 1945 ini, menutup pintu keluar-masuk perdagangan RI. Adapun alasan
pemerintah Belanda melakukan blokade ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mencegah dimasukkannya senjata
dan peralatan militer ke Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah dikeluarkannya hasil-hasil
perkebunan milik Belanda dan milik asing lainnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melindungi bangsa Indonesia dari tindakan-tindakan
yang dilakukan oleh orang bukan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menuliskan beberapa upaya pemerintah
RI untuk mengatasi kekacauan dibidang ekonomi!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USAHA-USAHA MENGATASI KESULITAN
EKONOMI</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awal kemerdekaan masih belum
sempat melakukan perbaikan ekonomi secara baik. Baru mulai Pebruari 1946,
pemerintah mulai memprakarsai usaha untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah ekonomi
yang mendesak. Upaya-upaya itu diantaranya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Pinjaman Nasional</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program Pinjaman Nasional ini
dilaksanakan oleh Menteri Keuangan. <b>lr. Surachman</b> dengan persetujuan
BP-KNIP. Pinjaman Nasional akan dibayar kembali selama jangka waktu 40 tahun.
Besar pinjaman yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 1946 sebesar Rp.
1.000.000.000,00. Pada tahun pertama berhasil dikumpulkan uang sejumlah Rp. 500.000.000,00.
Sukses yang dicapai ini menunjukkan besarnya dukungan dan kepercayaan rakyat
kepada Pemerintah RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<i> </i>Konferensi Ekonomi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Februari 1946<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi ini dihadiri oleh para
cendekiawan, para gubernur dan para pejabat lainnya yang bertanggungjawab
langsung mengenai masalah ekonomi di Jawa. Konferensi ini dipimpin oleh Menteri
Kemakmuran, <b>Ir. Darmawan Mangunkusumo</b>. Tujuan konferensi ini adalah
untuk memperoleh kesepakatan yang bulat dalam menanggulangi masalah-masalah
ekonomi yang mendesak, seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masalah produksi dan distribusi makanan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam masalah produksi dan
distribusi bahan makanan disepakati bahwa sistem <i>autarki</i> lokal sebagai
kelanjutan dari sistem ekonomi perang Jepang, secara berangsur-angsur akan
dihapuskan dan diganti dengan sistem desentralisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masalah sandang</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai masalah sandang disepakati
bahwa <i>Badan Pengawasan Makanan Rakyat</i> diganti dengan <i>Badan Persediaan
dan Pembagian Makanan (PPBM)</i> yang dipimpin oleh <b>dr. Sudarsono</b> dan
dibawah pengawasan Kementerian Kemakmuran. PPBM dapat dianggap sebagai awal
dari terbentuknya <i>Badan Urusan Logistik (Bulog).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">status dan administrasi perkebunan-perkebunan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai masalah penilaian kembali
status dan administrasi perkebunan yang merupakan perusahaan vital bagi RI,
konferensi ini menyumbangkan beberapa pokok pikiran. Pada masa Kabinet Sjahrir,
persoalan status dan administrasi perkebunan ini dapat diselesaikan. Semua
perkebunan dikuasai oleh negara dengan sistem sentralisasi di bawah pengawasan
Kementerian Kemakmuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi Ekonomi kedua diadakan di
Solo pada tanggal 6 Mei 1946. Konferensi kedua ini membahas masalah
perekonomian yang lebih luas, seperti program ekonomi pemerintah, masalah
keuangan negara, pengendalian harga, distribusi dan alokasi tenaga manusia.
Dalam konferensi ini Wakil Presiden<b> Drs. Moh. Hatta</b> memberikan
saran-saran yang berkaitan dengan masalah rehabilitasi pabrik gula. Hal ini
disebabkan gula merupakan bahan ekspor yang penting, oleh karena itu
pengusahaannya harus dikuasai oleh negara. Hasil ekspor ini diharapkan dapat
dibelikan atau ditukar dengan barang-barang lainnya yang dibutuhkan RI. Saran
yang disampaikan oleh Wakil Presiden ini dapat direalisasikan pada tanggal 21
Mei 1946 dengan dibentuknya Badan Penyelenggara Perusahaan Gula Negara (BPPGN)
berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 3/1946. Peraturan tersebut disempurnakan
melalui Peraturan Pemerintah No. 4 tahun 1946, tanggal 6 Juni 1946 mengenai
pembentukan <i>Perusahaan Perkebunan Negara (PPN).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan <i>Planning Board</i>
(Badan Perancang Ekonomi) pada tanggal 19 Januari 1947</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan Badan ini atas inisiatif
Menteri Kemakmuran, <b>dr. A.K. Gani</b>. Badan ini merupakan badan tetap yang
bertugas membuat rencana pembangunan ekonomi untuk jangka waktu 2 sampai 3
tahun. Sesudah Badan Perancang ini bersidang, <b>A.K. Gani</b> mengumumkan
Rencana Pembangunan Sepuluh Tahun. Untuk mendanai Rencana Pembangunan ini
terbuka baik bagi pemodal dalam negeri maupun bagi pemodal asing. Untuk
menampung dana pembangunan tersebut pemerintah akan membentuk <i>Bank
Pembangunan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bulan April 1947, Badan
Perancang ini diperluas menjadi <b><i>Panitia Pemikir Siasat Ekonomi</i></b>
yang dipimpin langsung oleh Wakil Presiden <b>Moh. Hatta,</b> sedangkan A.K.
Gani sebagai wakilnya. Panitia ini bertugas mempelajari, mengumpulkan data dan memberikan
saran kepada pemerintah dalam merencanakan pembangunan ekonomi dan dalam rangka
melakukan perundingan dengan pihak Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua hasil pemikiran ini belum
berhasil dilaksanakan dengan baik, karena situasi politik dan militer yang
tidak memungkinkan. Agresi Militer Belanda mengakibatkan sebagian besar daerah
RI yang memiliki potensi ekonomi baik, jatuh ke tangan Belanda. Wilayah RI
tinggal beberapa keresidenan di Jawa dan Sumatera yang sebagian besar tergolong
sebagai daerah minus dan berpenduduk padat. Pecahnya Pemberontakan PKI Madiun
dan Agresi Militer Belanda II mengakibatkan kesulitan ekonomi semakin memuncak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Rekonstruksi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>dan</b> <b>Rasionalisasi</b> <b>Angkatan</b>
<b>Perang (RERA)</b> pada tahun 1948.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program yang diprakarsai oleh Wakil
Presiden <b>Drs. Moh. Hatta</b> ini, dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi beban negara
dalam bidang ekonomi, disamping meningkatkan efesiensi. Rasionalisasi ini
meliputi penyempurnaan administrasi negara, Angkatan Perang dan aparat
ekonomi. Sejumlah satuan Angkatan Perang dikurangi secara dratis.
Selanjutnya tenaga-tenaga bekas Angkatan Perang ini disalurkan ke bidang-bidang
produktif dan diurus oleh Kementerian Pembangunan dan Pemuda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Rencana Kasimo <i>(Kasimo
Plan)</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program ini disusun oleh Menteri
Urusan Bahan Makanan <b>I.J. Kasimo</b>. Pada dasarnya program ini berupa
Rencana Produksi Tiga Tahun, 1948-1950 mengenai usaha <i>swasembada</i> pangan
dengan beberapa petunjuk pelaksanaan yang praktis. Untuk mningkatkan produksi
bahan pangan dalam program ini, Kasimo menyarankan agar :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menanami tanah-tanah kosong di
Sumatera timur seluas 281.277 ha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di Jawa dilakkan <i>intensifikasi</i>
dengan menanam bibit unggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pencegahan penyembelihan hewan-hewan
yang berperan penting bagi produksi pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">disetiap desa dibentuk kebun-kebun
bibit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tranmigrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persatuan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Tenaga Ekonomi</b> <b>(PTE)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi yang dipimpin <b>B.R.
Motik </b>ini, bertujuan untuk menggiatkan kembali partisipasi pengusaha
swasta. Dengan dibentuknya PTE juga diharapkan dapat dan melenyapkan
individualisasi di kalangan organisasi pedagang sehingga dapat memperkokoh
ketahanan ekonomi bangsa Indonesia. Pemerintah menganjurkan agar pemerintah
daerah usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh PTE. Akan tetapi nampaknya PTE tidak
dapat berjalan dengan baik. PTE hanya mampu mendirikan Bank PTE di Yogyakarta
dengan modal awal Rp. 5.000.000. Kegiatan PTE semakin mundur akibat dari Agresi
Militer Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain PTE perdagangan swasta
lainnya yang juga membantu usaha ekonomi pemerintah adalah <i>Banking and
Trading Corporation</i> (Perseroan Bank dan Perdagangan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan yang dimaksud uang ORI
dan bagaimana penggunaanya !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI) Emisi I (depan/belakang)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b>Oeang Republik Indonesia</b> atau <b>ORI</b> adalah <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mata uang</span></a></span> pertama
yang dimiliki <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Indonesia</span></a></span>
setelah merdeka. Pemerintah memandang perlu untuk mengeluarkan uang sendiri
yang tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah tapi juga sebagai
lambang utama negara merdeka. Resmi beredar pada <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Oktober" title="30 Oktober"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">30 Oktober</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" title="1946"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1946</span></a></span>, ORI tampil
dalam bentuk <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_kertas" title="Uang kertas"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uang kertas</span></a></span> bernominal satu sen dengan gambar muka <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keris</span></a></span> terhunus dan
gambar belakang teks <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">undang-undang</span></a></span>. ORI ditandatangani Menteri Keuangan saat itu <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.A._Maramis" title="A.A. Maramis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A.A. Maramis</span></a></span>. Pada hari itu juga dinyatakan bahwa uang <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jepang</span></a></span> dan uang <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javasche_Bank" title="Javasche Bank"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Javasche Bank</span></a></span> tidak berlaku lagi. ORI pertama dicetak oleh <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percetakan" title="Percetakan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Percetakan</span></a></span> Canisius dengan desain sederhana dengan dua warna dan memakai pengaman
serat halus.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Presiden <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Soekarno</span></a></span> menjadi
tokoh yang paling sering tampil dalam desain uang kertas ORI dan uang kertas
Seri ORI II yang terbit di <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogjakarta" title="Jogjakarta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jogjakarta</span></a></span> pada <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Januari" title="1 Januari"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Januari</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1947</span></a></span>, Seri ORI III
di Jogjakarta pada <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Juli" title="26 Juli"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">26 Juli</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1947</span></a></span>,
Seri ORI Baru di Jogjakarta pada <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus" title="17 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">17 Agustus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span>, dan Seri <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia_Serikat" title="Republik Indonesia Serikat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik
Indonesia Serikat</span></a></span> (RIS) di
Jakarta pada <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Januari" title="1 Januari"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Januari</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1950</span></a></span>.Meski masa peredaran ORI cukup singkat, namun ORI
telah diterima di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia dan ikut menggelorakan
semangat perlawanan terhadap penjajah. Pada Mei 1946, saat suasana di Jakarta
genting, maka Pemerintah RI memutuskan untuk melanjutkan pencetakan ORI di
daerah pedalaman, seperti di Jogjakarta, <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Surakarta</span></a></span> dan <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang" title="Malang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Malang</span></a></span>.Namun peredaran ORI tersebut sangat terbatas dan tidak mencakup seluruh
wilayah Republik Indonesia. Di Sumatera yang beredar adalah mata uang Jepang.
Pada 8 April 1947 Gubernur Provinsi Sumatera mengeluarkan rupiah URIPS-<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_Republik_Indonesia_Propinsi_Sumatera" title="Uang Republik Indonesia Propinsi Sumatera"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Uang Republik Indonesia Propinsi
Sumatera</span></a></span>.</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Dengan mengetahui kehidupan ekonomi
RI pasca- proklamasi sampai demokrasi Liberal, kami dapat menarik kesimpulan
bahwa </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kondisi perekonomian Indonesia
di awal kemerdekaan dalam keadaan sulit sebab bangsa Indonesia belum memiliki
mata uang sendiri. Untuk sementara pemerintah RI menetapkan berlakunya tiga
mata uang di Indonesia antara lain, mata uang <i>de Javache Bank </i>, mata uang Hindia Belanda, dan mata uang penduduk
Jepang.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan belanda melakukan
blockade ekonomi pasca proklamasi </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Untuk mencegah dimasukkannya
senjata dan peralatan militer ke Indonesia;</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mencegah dikeluarkannya
hasil-hasil perkebunan milik Belanda dan milik asing lainnya;</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Melindungi bangsa Indonesia
dari tindakan-tindakan yang dilakukan oleh orang bukan Indonesia.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Upaya pemerintah RI untuk
mengatasi kekacauan dibidang ekonomi </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pinjaman Nasional</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi Ekonomi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Februari 1946<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pembentukan <i>Planning Board</i> (Badan Perancang Ekonomi) pada tanggal
19 Januari 1947</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Rencana Kasimo <i>(Kasimo Plan)</i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Persatuan</span><span lang="EN-US"> Tenaga
Ekonomi (PTE)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian uang ORI dan
bagaimana penggunaanya</span></div>
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Oeang Republik Indonesia atau ORI
adalah <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mata uang</span></a></span> pertama yang dimiliki <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Indonesia</span></a></span>
setelah merdeka. Pemerintah memandang perlu untuk mengeluarkan uang sendiri
yang tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah tapi juga sebagai
lambang utama negara merdeka.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Walaupun makalah ini jauh dari kesempurnaan kami menginginkan saran,
kritik, dan tanggapan anda yang dapat dijadikan pelajaran bagi kami.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Supriatna Nana. 2006. Sejarah untuk
kelas XI sekolah manengah atas program ilmu pengetahuan alam.Bandung: Grafindo
Media Pratama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-37349149306725645392012-05-15T22:20:00.000-07:002012-05-15T22:20:18.756-07:00sejarah kelompok 1 kelas xi ipa 2<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menjelaskan kebijakan sementara pemerintah
dalam hidup ekonomi pasca proklamasi !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kondisi
perekonomian Indonesia di awal kemerdekaan dalam keadaan sulit sebab bangsa
Indonesia belum memiliki mata uang sendiri. Untuk sementara pemerintah RI
menetapkan berlakunya tiga mata uang di Indonesia antara lain, mata uang <i>de Javache Bank </i>, mata uang Hindia
Belanda, dan mata uang penduduk Jepang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ada beberapa
sebab kondisi ekonomi Indonesia di awal kemerdekaan mengalami kemerosotan
adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peredaran mata uang Jepang yang tidak
terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diedarkan uang cadangan sebesar 2.3 miliar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kas Negara kosong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pajak dan bea masuk sangan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hasil prodoksi pertanian dan perkebunan tidak
dapat diekspor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam mengatasi kondisi perekonomian
yang makin memburuk, pemerintah mengambil langkah-langkah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengangkan Ir. Suharman sebagai Menteri
Keuangan, mengusulkan pada Badan Pekerjaan Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat
(BP-KNIP) untuk mlaksanakan pinjaman nasional. Pinjaman nasional merupakan
upayah pemerintah RI unutk mengumpulkan dana dari masyarakat unutk
menyelanggarakn pemerintahan. Usul ini diterima BP-KNIP sebagai salah satu
solusi dari krisis ekonomi. Pinjaman nasional dilakukan pada bulan juli 1946.
Rakyat harus menytor uangnya ke Bank Tabunagn Pos atau rumah-rumah penggadaian.
Upayah penyetoran pada tahap awal berhasil mengumpulkan dana sebesar
Rp.500.000.000,00. Dana yang dosetor oloeh rakyat Indonesia akan dikembalakan
selama 40 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1946 dikeluarkan UU No.
17 Tahun 1946 tentang Pengeluaran Uang Kertas Republik Indonesia yang kemudian
dikenal dengan Oeang Republik Indonesia (ORI). Pada tanggal 25 Oktober 1946
diatur dengan dasar pertukarannya dengan UU No. 19 Tahun 1946, yakni 50 rupiah
uang Jepang disamakan 1 rupiah ORI, dan diluar Jawa dan Madura 100 rupiah uang
Jepang sama dengan 1 rupiah ORI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Setelah menerbitkan ORI , pemerintah RI
kemudian mendirikan suatu bank yang fngsiny sebagai pengatur nelai tukar uang
pendudukan Jepang dan ORI . Bank tersebut adalah bank Negara Indonesia (BNI)
yang didirikan 1 November 1946. Bank ini pada awalnya adalah sebuah yayasan
pusat bank yang didirikan oleh Margono Djojohadikusumo pada bulan Juli 1946 .
tugas BNI kemudian di alihkan pada Bank Indonesia sejak tahun 1953, setelah
dilakukan nasionalisasi terhadap <i>De
Javasche Bank .</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada bulan februari 1946 pemerintah melakukan
konfrensi ekonomi yang menghasilkan konsepsi sebagai berikut .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bahan makann akan di tandatngani Badan
Pengawasan Makan Rakyat yang kemudian menjadi Badan Persediaan dan Pembahagian
Bahan Makanan(PPBM).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Meningkatkan produksi perkebunan diawasi
langsung pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dibentuk Badan Perencanaan Ekonomi oleh
Menteri Kemakmuran dr.A.K. Gani pada tanggal 19 Januari 1947.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hasil sidang BPE memutuskan Rencana
Pembangunan sepuluh tahun rencana
pertama yang dikemukakan yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Semua bangunan umum, perkebunan, dan industri
yang telah ada sebelum menjadi milik Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bengunan vital yang bersifat umum milik asing
dinasoinalisasikan dengan pembayaran ganti rugi .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perusahaan milik Jepang akan disita sebagai
ganti rugi terhadap RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perusahaan modal asing swasta lainya
dikembaliakan kepada yang berhak sesudah diadakan perjanjian RI dengan Belanda
. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menteri Persediaan Makanan Rakyat , I.J.
Kasimo membuat rencana kima tahunan, yaitu sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memperbanyak kebun bibit dan padi unggul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penanaman kembali lahan-lahan kosong di
Sumatra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Pencegahan penyembelihan hewan yang berperan
dalam pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengadakan teransmigrasi 20 juta penduduk
Pulau Jawa ke Sumatra dalam waktu 15 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rencana Kasimo ini sesuai dengan
Rekonstruksi dan Rasionalisasi (RERA)angakatan perang pada tahun 1948. Tetapi
rencan Kasimo tidak berhasil dilaksanakan dengan baik, karena situasi politik
yang tidak stabil dan adanya Agresi Militer Belanda II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pelaksanaan
program Rekonstruksi dan Rasionalisasi
(Rera)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pemerintah mendorong para pengusaha swasta
ikut serta dalam perkembangan ekonomi nasional dengan mengaktifkan kembali
Persatuan Tenaga Ekonomi (PTE).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gabungan Saudagar Indonesia Daerah Aceh
(GASIDA) diaktifkan kembali dalam rangka menegakkan ekonomi Indonesia.
Selanjutnya, pada masa Kabinet Djuanda berusaha memperbaiki ekonomi dengan
menggunakan MUNAP (Musyawarah Nasional Pembangunan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nasionaliasasi
<i>De Javasche Bank Indonesia </i>. Sebelum
kita membicarakan nasionalisasi <i>De
Javasche Bank, </i>kita ketahui bahwa usaha pemeritah RI dalam memperbaiki
ekonomi dan keuangan dengan membentuk bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) pada tanggal
1 November 1946, yang berawal dari sebuah yayasan pusat Bank yang didirikan
Kuli 1946 di bawah Margono Joyohadikoesoemo, yang sebelumnya telah dirintis
BRI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selanjutnya,
pada akhir tahun 1951 kebijakan ekonomi keuangan ditijau kembali sesudah
nasionalisasi <i>De Javasche Bank </i>menjadi
bank Indonesia . cabinet Soekiman akhirnya menasionalisasikan <i>De Javasche Bank </i>yang sebelumnya milik
Belanda , kemudian dinasionalisasikan menjadi milik Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Adapun
proses nasionalisasinya adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dibentuk panitia nasionalisasi <i>De Javasche Bank </i>pada tanggal 19 Juni
1951 berdsarkan keputusan Pemerintah No. 118 Tahun 1951 tanggal 2 Juni 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tugas panitia mengajukan usul rencana
nasionalisasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menjelaskan tujuan bela</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">n</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">da melakukan blockade ekonomi pasca proklamasi
!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya blokade
ekonomi oleh Belanda sejak bulan November 1945 untuk menutup pintu perdagangan
luar negri RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blokade laut ini
dimulai pada bulan November 1945 ini, menutup pintu keluar-masuk perdagangan
RI. Adapun alasan pemerintah Belanda melakukan blokade ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">&<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mencegah dimasukkannya senjata dan peralatan militer ke Indonesia;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">&<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah
dikeluarkannya hasil-hasil perkebunan milik Belanda dan milik asing lainnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">&<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melindungi
bangsa Indonesia dari tindakan-tindakan yang dilakukan oleh orang bukan
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enuliskan beberapa upaya pemerintah RI
untuk mengatasi kekacauan dibidang ekonomi!</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada awal kemerdekaan masih belum sempat melakukan
perbaikan ekonomi secara baik. Baru mulai Pebruari 1946, pemerintah mulai
memprakarsai usaha untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah ekonomi yang mendesak.
Upaya-upaya itu diantaranya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Pinjaman Nasional</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program Pinjaman
Nasional ini dilaksanakan oleh Menteri Keuangan. <b>lr. Surachman</b> dengan
persetujuan BP-KNIP. Pinjaman Nasional akan dibayar kembali selama jangka waktu
40 tahun. Besar pinjaman yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 1946 sebesar Rp.
1.000.000.000,00. Pada tahun pertama berhasil dikumpulkan uang sejumlah Rp.
500.000.000,00. Sukses yang dicapai ini menunjukkan besarnya dukungan dan
kepercayaan rakyat kepada Pemerintah RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi
Ekonomi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi
ini dihadiri oleh para cendekiawan, para gubernur dan para pejabat lainnya yang
bertanggungjawab langsung mengenai masalah ekonomi di Jawa. Konferensi ini
dipimpin oleh Menteri Kemakmuran, <b>Ir. Darmawan Mangunkusumo</b>. Tujuan
konferensi ini adalah untuk memperoleh kesepakatan yang bulat dalam
menanggulangi masalah-masalah ekonomi yang mendesak, seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masalah
produksi dan distribusi makanan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
masalah produksi dan distribusi bahan makanan disepakati bahwa sistem <i>autarki</i>
lokal sebagai kelanjutan dari sistem ekonomi perang Jepang, secara
berangsur-angsur akan dihapuskan dan diganti dengan sistem desentralisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masalah
sandang</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai
masalah sandang disepakati bahwa <i>Badan Pengawasan Makanan Rakyat</i> diganti
dengan <i>Badan Persediaan dan Pembagian Makanan (PPBM)</i> yang dipimpin oleh <b>dr.
Sudarsono</b> dan dibawah pengawasan Kementerian Kemakmuran. PPBM dapat
dianggap sebagai awal dari terbentuknya <i>Badan Urusan Logistik (Bulog).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">status
dan administrasi perkebunan-perkebunan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenai
masalah penilaian kembali status dan administrasi perkebunan yang merupakan
perusahaan vital bagi RI, konferensi ini menyumbangkan beberapa pokok pikiran.
Pada masa Kabinet Sjahrir, persoalan status dan administrasi perkebunan ini
dapat diselesaikan. Semua perkebunan dikuasai oleh negara dengan sistem
sentralisasi di bawah pengawasan Kementerian Kemakmuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi
Ekonomi kedua diadakan di Solo pada tanggal 6 Mei 1946. Konferensi kedua ini
membahas masalah perekonomian yang lebih luas, seperti program ekonomi
pemerintah, masalah keuangan negara, pengendalian harga, distribusi dan alokasi
tenaga manusia. Dalam konferensi ini Wakil Presiden<b> Drs. Moh. Hatta</b>
memberikan saran-saran yang berkaitan dengan masalah rehabilitasi pabrik gula.
Hal ini disebabkan gula merupakan bahan ekspor yang penting, oleh karena itu
pengusahaannya harus dikuasai oleh negara. Hasil ekspor ini diharapkan dapat
dibelikan atau ditukar dengan barang-barang lainnya yang dibutuhkan RI. Saran
yang disampaikan oleh Wakil Presiden ini dapat direalisasikan pada tanggal 21
Mei 1946 dengan dibentuknya Badan Penyelenggara Perusahaan Gula Negara (BPPGN)
berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 3/1946. Peraturan tersebut disempurnakan
melalui Peraturan Pemerintah No. 4 tahun 1946, tanggal 6 Juni 1946 mengenai
pembentukan <i>Perusahaan Perkebunan Negara (PPN).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan
<i>Planning Board</i> (Badan Perancang Ekonomi) pada tanggal 19 Januari 1947</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan
Badan ini atas inisiatif Menteri Kemakmuran, <b>dr. A.K. Gani</b>. Badan ini
merupakan badan tetap yang bertugas membuat rencana pembangunan ekonomi untuk
jangka waktu 2 sampai 3 tahun. Sesudah Badan Perancang ini bersidang, <b>A.K.
Gani</b> mengumumkan Rencana Pembangunan Sepuluh Tahun. Untuk mendanai Rencana
Pembangunan ini terbuka baik bagi pemodal dalam negeri maupun bagi pemodal
asing. Untuk menampung dana pembangunan tersebut pemerintah akan membentuk <i>Bank
Pembangunan</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
bulan April 1947, Badan Perancang ini diperluas menjadi <b><i>Panitia Pemikir
Siasat Ekonomi</i></b> yang dipimpin langsung oleh Wakil Presiden <b>Moh.
Hatta,</b> sedangkan A.K. Gani sebagai wakilnya. Panitia ini bertugas
mempelajari, mengumpulkan data dan memberikan saran kepada pemerintah dalam
merencanakan pembangunan ekonomi dan dalam rangka melakukan perundingan dengan
pihak Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
hasil pemikiran ini belum berhasil dilaksanakan dengan baik, karena situasi
politik dan militer yang tidak memungkinkan. Agresi Militer Belanda
mengakibatkan sebagian besar daerah RI yang memiliki potensi ekonomi baik,
jatuh ke tangan Belanda. Wilayah RI tinggal beberapa keresidenan di Jawa dan
Sumatera yang sebagian besar tergolong sebagai daerah minus dan berpenduduk
padat. Pecahnya Pemberontakan PKI Madiun dan Agresi Militer Belanda II
mengakibatkan kesulitan ekonomi semakin memuncak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekonstruksi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>dan</b> <b>Rasionalisasi</b> <b>Angkatan</b> <b>Perang (RERA)</b> pada tahun
1948.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program
yang diprakarsai oleh Wakil Presiden <b>Drs. Moh. Hatta</b> ini, dimaksudkan
untuk mengurangi beban negara dalam bidang ekonomi, disamping meningkatkan
efesiensi. Rasionalisasi ini meliputi penyempurnaan administrasi negara,
Angkatan Perang dan aparat ekonomi. Sejumlah satuan Angkatan Perang
dikurangi secara dratis. Selanjutnya tenaga-tenaga bekas Angkatan Perang ini
disalurkan ke bidang-bidang produktif dan diurus oleh Kementerian Pembangunan
dan Pemuda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rencana
Kasimo <i>(Kasimo Plan)</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program
ini disusun oleh Menteri Urusan Bahan Makanan <b>I.J. Kasimo</b>. Pada dasarnya
program ini berupa Rencana Produksi Tiga Tahun, 1948-1950 mengenai usaha <i>swasembada</i>
pangan dengan beberapa petunjuk pelaksanaan yang praktis. Untuk mningkatkan
produksi bahan pangan dalam program ini, Kasimo menyarankan agar :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menanami
tanah-tanah kosong di Sumatera timur seluas 281.277 ha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di
Jawa dilakkan <i>intensifikasi</i> dengan menanam bibit unggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pencegahan
penyembelihan hewan-hewan yang berperan penting bagi produksi pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">disetiap
desa dibentuk kebun-kebun bibit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tranmigrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Webdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Webdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Webdings;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persatuan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>Tenaga Ekonomi</b> <b>(PTE)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi
yang dipimpin <b>B.R. Motik </b>ini, bertujuan untuk menggiatkan kembali
partisipasi pengusaha swasta. Dengan dibentuknya PTE juga diharapkan dapat dan
melenyapkan individualisasi di kalangan organisasi pedagang sehingga dapat memperkokoh
ketahanan ekonomi bangsa Indonesia. Pemerintah menganjurkan agar pemerintah
daerah usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh PTE. Akan tetapi nampaknya PTE tidak
dapat berjalan dengan baik. PTE hanya mampu mendirikan Bank PTE di Yogyakarta
dengan modal awal Rp. 5.000.000. Kegiatan PTE semakin mundur akibat dari Agresi
Militer Belanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain
PTE perdagangan swasta lainnya yang juga membantu usaha ekonomi pemerintah
adalah <i>Banking and Trading Corporation</i> (Perseroan Bank dan Perdagangan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan yang dimaksud uang ORI dan
bagaimana penggunaanya !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Oeang Republik Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> atau <b>ORI</b> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mata uang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> pertama yang dimiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik
Indonesia</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> setelah merdeka. Pemerintah memandang perlu
untuk mengeluarkan uang sendiri yang tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat
pembayaran yang sah tapi juga sebagai lambang utama negara merdeka. Resmi
beredar pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Oktober" title="30 Oktober"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">30 Oktober</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" title="1946"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1946</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, ORI tampil dalam bentuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_kertas" title="Uang kertas"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uang kertas</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> bernominal satu sen dengan gambar muka </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keris</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> terhunus dan gambar belakang teks </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">undang-undang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. ORI ditandatangani Menteri Keuangan saat itu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.A._Maramis" title="A.A. Maramis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A.A. Maramis</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Pada hari itu juga dinyatakan bahwa uang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jepang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> dan uang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javasche_Bank" title="Javasche Bank"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Javasche Bank</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> tidak berlaku lagi. ORI pertama dicetak oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percetakan" title="Percetakan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Percetakan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Canisius dengan desain sederhana dengan dua warna dan memakai pengaman
serat halus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Presiden </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Soekarno</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> menjadi tokoh yang paling sering tampil dalam desain uang kertas ORI dan
uang kertas Seri ORI II yang terbit di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogjakarta" title="Jogjakarta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jogjakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Januari" title="1 Januari"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Januari</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1947</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Seri ORI III di Jogjakarta pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Juli" title="26 Juli"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">26 Juli</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1947</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Seri ORI Baru di Jogjakarta pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus" title="17 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">17 Agustus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, dan Seri </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia_Serikat" title="Republik Indonesia Serikat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Indonesia Serikat</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (RIS) di Jakarta pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Januari" title="1 Januari"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Januari</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1950</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.Meski masa peredaran ORI cukup singkat, namun ORI telah diterima di
seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia dan ikut menggelorakan semangat perlawanan
terhadap penjajah. Pada Mei 1946, saat suasana di Jakarta genting, maka
Pemerintah RI memutuskan untuk melanjutkan pencetakan ORI di daerah pedalaman,
seperti di Jogjakarta, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Surakarta</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang" title="Malang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Malang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.Namun peredaran ORI tersebut sangat terbatas
dan tidak mencakup seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia. Di Sumatera yang beredar
adalah mata uang Jepang. Pada 8 April 1947 Gubernur Provinsi Sumatera
mengeluarkan rupiah URIPS-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_Republik_Indonesia_Propinsi_Sumatera" title="Uang Republik Indonesia Propinsi Sumatera"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Uang Republik Indonesia Propinsi Sumatera</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KELAS XI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Shabiel Zakaria, S.Pd., M.Pd<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP 19790915
200804 1 004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SMA Negeri 1 Watampone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tahun Pelajaran 2009-2010</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
MODUL – </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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FUNGSI REFERENSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt;">(LOOK
UP)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada modul kali
ini kita akan mempelajari tentang Fungsi Referensi (LOOKUP). Fungsi referensi
terdiri atas dua yaitu <b>Fungsi VLOOKUP</b>
dan <b>Fungsi HLOOKUP</b>. Fungsi ini
berfungsi untuk membaca nilai-nilai dari sebuah tabel dan memilih nilai yang
sesuai untuk digunakan dalam sebuah rumus atau fungsi. Dengan menggunakan
fungsi referensi ini, kita dapat memilih satu nilai dari beberapa nilai yang
ada untuk digunakan dalam rumus atau fungsi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Menggunakan
perangkat lunak pengolah angka untuk menghasilkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1. Membuat dokumen pengolah angka
dengan variasi teks, tabel, grafik, gambar, dan diagram.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menjelaskan formula dan fungsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memasukkan data ke dalam cell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi VLOOKUP dan HLOOKUP mempunyai
fungsi dan prinsip yang sama. <b>Perbedaanya</b> terletak pada pembacaan
arah tabel. Dimana Fungsi VLOOKUP digunakan untuk membaca nilai tabel dalam
arah vertical (dalam satu kolom), sedangkan Fungsi HLOOKUP digunakan untuk membaca nilai tabel
dalam arah horizontal (dalam satu baris). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus umum untuk kedua fungsi ini
adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lookup_value</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah nilai yang akan menjadi acuan pencarian di table yang digunakan. Ia
merupakan kunci berupa alamat sel yang digunakan sebagai kunci pembacaan table.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">table_array</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah range (rentang nilai) dimana tabel tempat nilai-nilai yang ingin dibaca
disimpan. Pada range ini biasanya ada beberapa kolom. Kolom pertama berisi
nilai pembanding yang akan dibandingkan dengan nilai kunci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">col_index</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_num</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
nomor baris atau kolom di <b>tabel acuan</b>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lookup_range</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah nilai logika yang menentukan apakah fungsi mencari sebuah nilai yang
benar-benar sesuai atau menggunakan nilai pendekatan. Jika diabaikan, maka akan
menggunakan nilai TRUE yang dengan pendekatan. Sebaliknya, jika menggunakan
FALSE, fungsi akan menggunakan pendekatan nilai yang benar-benar sesuai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Range table data yang akan dibaca dengan fungsi VLOOKUP harus dalam keadaan
urut secara Ascending (secara menaik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBUATAN
TABEL REFERENSI DAN PENGGUNAANNYA<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum menggunakan rumus </span><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VLOOKUP dan
HLOOKUP </span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kita harus
memahami pembuatan <b>tabel acuan</b> dan <b>tabel pencariannya</b> terlebih dahulu.
Berikut langkah-langkah yang harus diperhatikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat
range table:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buatlah tabel <b>tabel</b> <b>acuan </b>VLOOKUP<b> </b>di sisi
lain dari <b>Tabel Pencarian</b> yang sudah
ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Tabel Acuan VLOOKUP</span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:5in;height:107.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="143" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="480" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Tabel Acuan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span></b><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LOOKUP</span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:378pt;height:96pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="128" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="504" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Tabel Pencarian</span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:369pt;
height:184.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="246" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="492" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya
membuat nama table array (rentang nilai). </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blok sel-sel yang berisi data (judul kolom tidak
disertakan) pada tabel acuan VLOOKUP. Demikian pula untuk tabel acuan HLOOKUP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:357.75pt;height:105.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="141" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="477" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilih perintah
menu <b>Formulas > </b>Pilih<b> Defined Names > </b>Pilih<b> Name Manager</b></span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:333pt;height:121.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="162" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="444" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilih<b> New </b>pada kotak dialog<b> </b></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Name Manager</span></b><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:369pt;height:286.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="382" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="492" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuliskan nama
range : Contoh <b>barang </b>pada<b> </b>kotak<b> Name </b>(VLOOKUP) dan <b>barang1</b>
(HLOOKUP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:189pt;height:2in'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="192" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="252" /><!--[endif]--> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:186pt;height:141.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="189" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="248" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VLOOKUP HLOOKUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
selesai klik<b> OK<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghapus range table:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Excel 2003:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilih perintah
menu <b>Insert</b> > <b>Name</b> > <b>Define</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kotak dialog
Define Name, pilih nama range yang akan Anda hapus, tekan tombol <b>Delete</b>, klik <b>OK</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Excel
2007:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilih perintah
menu <b>Formulas > </b>Pilih<b> Defined Names <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Group <b> Defined
Names </b>lalu<b> </b>klik<b> </b>ikon<b> Name Manager, </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilih <b>Nama Range Data </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klik<b> Delete</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klik<b> OK</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tutup Dialog Box.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerapan Rumus VLOOKUP<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel Acuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:270pt;height:81pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="108" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="360" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel Pencarian/Pembacaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:339.75pt;
height:194.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="259" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="453" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah menuliskan rumus berdasarkan contoh tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk kolom <b>Nama Barang =VLOOKUP(B13;barang;2)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:5in;height:63.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="85" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="480" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk kolom <b>Harga =VLOOKUP(B13;barang;3)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:351pt;
height:57.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="77" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="468" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasilnya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:369pt;height:48.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="65" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="492" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerapan Rumus HLOOKUP<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel Acuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:5in;height:68.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="91" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="480" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel Pencarian/Pembacaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:339.75pt;
height:194.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="259" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="453" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah menuliskan rumus berdasarkan contoh tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk kolom <b>Nama Barang =HLOOKUP(G13;barang1;2)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:369pt;height:61.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="82" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="492" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk kolom <b>Harga =VLOOKUP(G13;barang1;3)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:5in;
height:65.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="87" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="480" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasilnya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:336.75pt;
height:63.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="85" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="449" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan tambahan untuk penggunaan kedua FUNGSI di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus yang telah
dibuat dapat digandakan (copy) pada sel-sel lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kode-kode tersebut
dapat diubah sesuai keinginan kita (sesuai pencarian yang ingin dilakukan).
Jika kode diubah, maka excel akan melakukan pencarian data pada kolom 2 dan 3
secara otomatis sesuai dengan data yang terdapat pada <b>tabel acuan</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkuman<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi referensi
terdiri atas dua yaitu <b>Fungsi VLOOKUP</b>
dan <b>Fungsi HLOOKUP</b>. Fungsi ini
berfungsi untuk membaca nilai-nilai dari sebuah tabel dan memilih nilai yang
sesuai untuk digunakan dalam sebuah rumus atau fungsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi VLOOKUP dan HLOOKUP mempunyai
fungsi dan prinsip yang sama. <b>Perbedaanya</b> terletak pada pembacaan
arah tabel. Dimana Fungsi VLOOKUP digunakan untuk membaca nilai tabel dalam
arah vertical (dalam satu kolom), sedangkan Fungsi HLOOKUP digunakan untuk membaca nilai tabel
dalam arah horizontal (dalam satu baris).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus umum untuk kedua fungsi ini
adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=VLOOKUP(lookup_value;table_array;col_index_num;lookup_range)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=HLOOKUP(lookup_value;table_array;col_index_num;lookup_range)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></u></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-43066539822653371232012-05-15T22:00:00.001-07:002012-05-15T22:00:40.443-07:00MODUL KE 7 TENTANG MICROSOFT EXCEL<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KELAS XI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SEMESTER II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Shabiel Zakaria, S.Pd., M.Pd<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP 19790915
200804 1 004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SMA Negeri 1 Watampone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tahun Pelajaran 2009-2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 25.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul – 7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan Fungsi Date<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada modul kali
ini kita akan mempelajari tentang Fungsi Date. Fungsi Date atau fungsi tanggal
(penanggalan) merupakan fungsi dalam excel yang digunakan untuk menentukan
perhitungan hari di lembaran kerja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi-fungsi yang
akan dibahas dalam Fungsi Date antara lain Fungsi NOW, Fungsi TODAY, Fungsi
DATE, Fungsi DATEVALUE, Fungsi TIME, Fungsi TIMEVALUE, dan Fungsi DAYS360. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua fungsi yang
paling sering digunakan adalah Fungsi DAYS360 dan Fungsi TODAY. Untuk lebih
jelasnya silahkan mempelajari modul ini dengan seksama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Menggunakan
perangkat lunak pengolah angka untuk menghasilkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1. Membuat dokumen pengolah angka
dengan variasi teks, tabel, grafik, gambar, dan diagram.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menjelaskan formula dan fungsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memasukkan data ke dalam cell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI NOW<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk : <b>NOW( )</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=NOW( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dan tanggal yang berlaku saat ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5/11/2009 6:04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem waktu yang digunakan adalah sistem
waktu 1900 yang memiliki angka seri tertentu sampai menunjukkan tanggal dan
waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Excel for windows menggunakan system
waktu 1900, sedangkan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Excel for machintosh menggunakan
system waktu 1904. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat disetting melalui langkah-langkah
berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microsoft Office 2003.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Menu Tools > option > tab calculation > centang <i><span style="color: red;">1904 date</span><span style="color: #3366ff;"> </span><span style="color: red;">system</span></i><span style="color: red;"> </span>> OK<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Microsoft Office 2007</b> <br />
Microsoft Office Button > Excel Option > Pilih tab Advance > cari
bagian <i>When calculating this
workbook</i> dengan menggunakan scroll bar lalu centang kotak <i><span style="color: red;"> use 1904 date system</span></i><span style="color: red;"> </span>> OK<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:271.5pt;height:291.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="389" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="362" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:389.25pt;height:225.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="301" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="519" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI TODAY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<b>: TODAY( )<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TODAY( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai tanggal yang berlaku saat ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5/11/2009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI DATE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<b>: DATE(X,Y,Z)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X =
Nilai tahun yang dinyatakan dengan nilai dari 1900 sampai 9999.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y =
Nilai bulan dalam satu tahun (12 bulan). Jika nilai lebih besar dari 12
maka excel mengartikan sebagai nilai bulan pada tahun berikutnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> =DATE(99,<b><span style="color: red;">15</span></b>,17)
diartikan =DATE(00,3,17) yang hasilnya 17/3/00 atau 17 Maret 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z = Nilai hari dalam sebulan (30 atau
31 hari). Jika nilai lebih besar dari hari tertentu maka excel mengartikan
sebagai hari pada bulan berikutnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> =DATE(99,3,<b><span style="color: red;">45</span></b>)
diartikan =DATE(99,4,14) yang hasilnya 14/4/99 atau 14 April 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="131">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 254.05pt;" valign="top" width="339">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.15pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="131">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DATE(99,<b><span style="color: red;">15</span></b>,17)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 254.05pt;" valign="top" width="339">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai bulan pada tahun berikutnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.15pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span style="color: red;">00</span>,3,17) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" valign="top" width="131">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DATE(99,3,<b><span style="color: red;">45</span></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 254.05pt;" valign="top" width="339">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai hari pada bulan berikutnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.15pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(99,4,<span style="color: red;">14</span>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI DATEVALUE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<b>: DATEVALUE(X)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. X =
data tanggal yang ditulis dengan teks/string (menggunakan tanda petik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Gunakan system penanggalan excel for
windows, dimana nilai tanggal dimulai 1 Januari 1900 samapi 31 Desember 9999.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Jika dalam penulisan tidak
mencantumkan tahun, excel mengartikannya sebagai tahun ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.35pt;" valign="top" width="192">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.35pt;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DATEVALUE(”5/11/2009”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai seri data <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">39944<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.35pt;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DATEVALUE(”5/11”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai seri data <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">39944<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI TIME<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<b>: TIME(X,Y,Z)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X = Bilangan
dari 0(nol) sampai 23 yg menunjukkan nilai jam (hour)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y = Bilangan
dari 0 sampai 59 yg menunjukkan nilai menit (minute)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z = Bilangan
dari 0 sampai 59 yg menunjukkan nilai detik (second)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.05pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIME(12,0,0)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dari jam 12:0:0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.05pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">12:00 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIME(16,48,10)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dari jam 16:48:10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.05pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4:48 PM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIME(10,12,05)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.8pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dari jam 10:12:05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.05pt;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">10:12 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI TIMEVALUE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<b>: TIMEVALUE(X)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X = data TANGGAL ATAU JAM yang ditulis
dalam bentuk teks (menggunakan tanda petik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.75pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIMEVALUE(”12:0:0”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.75pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dari jam 12:0:0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIMEVALUE(”</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4:48 PM”</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.75pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan
nilai waktu dari jam 16:48:10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">0.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=TIMEVALUE("5/11/2009
6:23 AM")<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.75pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan nilai
waktu dari jam 11 Mei 2009 6:23 AM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">0.265972222<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></u></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi DAYS360<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi yang menghasilkan jumlah hari
diantara dua nilai tanggal dengan dasar 360 hari dalam satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk Rumus<b>: =DAYS360(X,Y,Z)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X = nilai tanggal awal yang ditulis dalam
bentuk teks (menggunakan tanda petik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y = nilai tanggal akhir yang ditulis
dalam bentuk teks (menggunakan tanda petik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z = metode yang merupakan nilai logika
yang menentukan apakah menggunakan metode perhitungan Amerika atau Eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjelasan tentang aturan kedua metode
perhitungan di atas, perhatikan di LKS Anda! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Kuasai perbedaan tersebut baik-baik!!!)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui jumlah hari dalam satu
tahun gunakan fungsi pengurangan data tanggal seperti rumus berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=”12/31/93”-“1/1/93” maka hasilnya adalah
: 364 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coba tentukan jumlah hari tahun ini!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=”12/31/2009”-“1/1/2009” maka hasilnya
adalah : ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika sel A5 berisi data tanggal
1/30/2008 dan sel A6 berisi 2/1/2008, maka:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 151.5pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.7pt;" valign="top" width="289">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 151.5pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DAYS360(A5,A6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.7pt;" valign="top" width="289">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah hari
diantara tanggal 1/30/2008 sampai 2/1/2008 dengan dasar 360 hari dalam satu
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 151.5pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=DAYS360(“1/30/2008”,”
1/30/2008”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.7pt;" valign="top" width="289">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah hari
diantara tanggal 1/30/2008 sampai 2/1/2008 dengan dasar 360 hari dalam satu
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkuman<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi NOW()
berfungsi menghasilkan nilai waktu dan
tanggal yang berlaku saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi TODAY()
berfungsi menghasilkan nilai tanggal yang berlaku saat ini.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi DATE() berfungsi </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghasilkan nilai tanggal tertentu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi TIME() berfungsi </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghasilkan nilai jam tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi DAYS360()<b> </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berfungsi
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghasilkan jumlah hari diantara dua
nilai tanggal dengan dasar 360 hari dalam satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal Latihan<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buatlah berbagai
macam variasi pembuatan dari fungsi TODAY, DATE, DATEVALUE, TIME, dan TIME VALUE!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika telah
memenuhi dari ketentuan teori, tampilkan di hadapan teman-temanmu. Jelaskan
variasi yang kamu dapatkan!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal Formatif<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tugas 1.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukanlah nilai
berikut dengan menggunakan fungsi-fungsi yang benar!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu saat ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal hari ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal tertentu
jika bulannya lebih 4 bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal tertentu
jika harinya lebih 5 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu yang
menghasilkan penunjukan waktu PM dan AM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tugas 2.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan jumlah hari dengan menggunakan
cara yang berbeda dari data tanggal berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal 4 Maret
2008 s.d 14 July 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal 12
Februari 2008 s.d 12 Maret 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal 10 Maret
2001 s.d 02 April 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal Indonesia
Merdeka sampai hari ini.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggal
kelahiranmu sampai hari ini.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IX.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat Penguasaan
=</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:72.75pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="97" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1398678313">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Arti Tingkat Penguasaan yang
dicapai:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 90% - 100</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%
= Baik sekali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 80%
- 89% =
Baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 70%
- 79% = Cukup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> > 69% = Kurang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila tingkat
penguasaan Anda mencapai 80% ke atas, Anda dapat meneruskan dengan modul
berikutnya. Tetapi jika tingkat penguasaan Anda masih di bawah 80%, Anda harus mengulangi
kegiatan belajar yang bersangkutan, terutama bagian yang belum Anda kuasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-25270760213300195992012-05-15T21:58:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:58:17.456-07:00MODUL KE 6 TENTANG EXCEL<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KELAS XI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Shabiel Zakaria, S.Pd., M.Pd<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP 19790915
200804 1 004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SMA Negeri 1 Watampone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tahun Pelajaran 2009-2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 25.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul – 6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan Fungsi Logika<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(NOT, AND, OR, IF, IF Bercabang)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum membahas lebih banyak tentang Fungsi Logika,
terlebih dahulu sebaiknya kita memahami tentang logika dalam Microsoft Excel
2007. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Logika adalah perbandingan dua buah nilai (atau lebih),
dimana nilai yang dibandingkan dalam suatu logika, tidak harus selalu berupa
angka. Kegunaannya adalah untuk menyatakan TRUE dan FALSE, YA dan TIDAK, LULUS
dan GAGAL, dan lain-lain yang bersifat logika dari pernyataan yang diajukan.
Suatu logika akan menghasilkan nilai TRUE jika logika tersebut benar dan
menghasilkan nilai FALSE jika logikanya salah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa fungsi logika yang akan dipelajari dalam modul
ini antara lain Fungsi NOT, AND, OR, IF, dan IF Bercabang.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Menggunakan
perangkat lunak pengolah angka untuk menghasilkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1. Membuat dokumen pengolah angka dengan variasi teks,
tabel, grafik, gambar, dan diagram.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menjelaskan formula dan fungsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memasukkan data ke dalam cell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">OPERASI LOGIKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Operasi logika
yang digunakan adalah <u>operasi perbandingan</u> yang pernah dibahas pada
modul sebelumnya. Untuk lebih memperdalam tentang operasi logika atau
perbandingan yang digunakan dalam fungsi logika, maka perlu diperhatikan
beberapa operator logika dan cara penggunanaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan tabel
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama sama dengan nilai
kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5=5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5=9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.65pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama lebih besar daripada
nilai kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7>4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7>7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">>=<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.65pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama lebih besar daripada
atau sama dengan nilai kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8>=4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7>=10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><<o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.65pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama lebih kecil daripada
nilai kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8<10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8<6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><=<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.65pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama lebih kecil daripada
atau sama dengan nilai kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5<=10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8<=5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" width="82">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 186.65pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Membandingkan apakah nilai pertama tidak sama dengan
nilai kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9<>8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9<>9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TRUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LANGKAH-LANGKAH
MEMBUAT FUNGSI LOGIKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berikut ini adalah cara atau
langkah-langkah membuat atau menggunakan
fungsi logika, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masukkan tanda sama dengan (=) terlebih dahulu pada
sebuah sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masukkan fungsi dan logika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tekan tombol ENTER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai logika akan tampil pada sel tersebut, yaitu TRUE
atau FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI NOT, AND,
dan OR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi NOT, AND,
dan OR digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kondisi sesuai dengan kondisi yang
diberikan. Pernyataan yang dimasukkan akan memberikan dua kemungkinan, yaitu
TRUE atau FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI NOT()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi NOT()
digunakan untuk <b>membalikkan</b> suatu
nilai pernyataan. Pernyataan yang diperlukan adalah pernyataan yang memiliki
nilai TRUE atau FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai FALSE akan dihasilkan apabila pernyataan itu dipenuhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai TRUE akan dihasilkan apabila pernyataan itu tidak
terpenuhi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya : =NOT(pernyataan logika)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh: =<b>NOT(80=69)</b> maka
jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>TRUE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> =NOT(80<>75)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>FALSE.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">atau perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:377.25pt;
height:150pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="200" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="503" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan berdasarkan tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan kolom KET. dan hasil yang
dilingkari. Rumus fungsi NOT yang digunakan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=<b>NOT(H7=82)</b>
maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>FALSE.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=NOT(H8<>82)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>TRUE.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI AND()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi AND() digunakan
untuk menguji beberapa nilai atau kondisi sekaligus, sehingga memerlukan
sedikitnya dua buah pernyataan (boleh lebih) berupa logika untuk menghasilkan
nilai TRUE atau FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai TRUE jika semua kondisi argumen dipenuhi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai FALSE jika salah satu kondisi argumen tidak
memenuhi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya: =AND(Pernyataan _logika1;Pernyataan_logika2;...)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan tabel
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:377.25pt;height:150pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="200" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="503" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan berdasarkan tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan kolom KET. dan hasil yang
dilingkari. Rumus fungsi AND yang
digunakan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=AND(H7>75;H7>70)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>TRUE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=AND(H8>75;H8>85)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>FALSE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai pada contoh
1 adalah TRUE karena nilai semua sel yang dibandingkan adalah lebih besar dari
nilai pembandingnya (artinya terpenuhi). Sedangkan pada contoh 2 salah satu sel
yang dibandingkan yakni sel H8 bernilai tidak lebih besar (lebih kecil) dari
nilai pembandingnya sehingga menghasilkan nilai FALSE (tidak terpenuhi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI OR()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi OR() digunakan
untuk menguji beberapa nilai atau kondisi dan mengembalikan nilai TRUE atau
FALSE. Ia juga memerlukan sedikitnya dua buah pernyataan (boleh lebih) berupa
logika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai TRUE jika salah satu kondisi argumen dipenuhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai FALSE jika tidak ada kondisi argumen dipenuhi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya: =OR(Pernyataan_logika1;Pernyataan_logika2;...)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:375.75pt;
height:156.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="209" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="501" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan berdasarkan tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan kolom KET. dan hasil yang
dilingkari. Rumus fungsi OR yang
digunakan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=OR(H9>70;F9>60)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>TRUE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=OR(H10>90;F10>60)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>TRUE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=OR(H11>90;F11>90)
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">maka jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>FALSE.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai pada <b>Contoh 1</b> menghasilkan nilai TRUE karena
semua pernyataan terpenuhi dimana semua sel yang dibandingkan lebih besar dari
pembandingnya, pada <b>Contoh 2</b> juga
menghasilkan nilai TRUE karena salah satu pernyataan terpenuhi dimana salah
satu sel yang dibandingkan lebih besar dari pembandingnya meskipun salah satu
tidak memenuhi. Sedangkan pada <b>Contoh 3</b>
menghasilkan nila FALSE karena semua pernyataan tidak ada yang memenuhi dimana
semua sel yang dibandingkan tidak lebih besar (lebih kecil) dari pembandingnya.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI IF BIASA
DAN IF BERTINGKAT <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI IF()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi IF
digunakan untuk menguji suatu pernyataan apakah ia memenuhi syarat atau tidak.
Pada fungsi IF diperlukan tiga buah pernyataan (boleh lebih) dengan syarat
harus dalam kondisi TRUE dan FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pernyataan pertama</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">/logical_test; adalah logika untuk menghasilkan nilai <b>TRUE</b> atau <b>FALSE</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pernyataan kedua</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">/value_if_true;
(bisa berupa apa saja) adalah nilai yang akan dihasilkan jika pernyataan
pertama bernilai <b>TRUE</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pernyataan ketiga</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">/value_if_false; bersifat opsional (boleh diberikan, boleh
dilewatkan, atau apa saja) adalah nilai yang akan dihasilkan jika pernyataan
pertama bernilai <b>FALSE</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perlu Diingat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, penulisan
pernyataan kedua dan ketiga harus diberikan tanda kutip dua (“) jika ingin
memberikan nilai berupa teks. Umumnya pernyataan-pernyataan tersebut adalah <b>TEKS</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya: =IF(Pernyataan1;”pernyataan2”;”pernyataan3”)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:379.5pt;height:144.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="193" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="506" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan berdasarkan tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan kolom KET. dan hasil yang
dilingkari. Rumus fungsi IF yang digunakan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=IF(<b>H8>=80</b>;"<b>Ya</b>";"Tidak") maka
jawaban yang dihasilkan adalah <b>Ya.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=IF(<b>H9>=80</b>;"Ya";"<b>Tidak</b>") maka jawaban yang
dihasilkan adalah <b>Tidak.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kenapa berbeda?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada Contoh 1, pernyataan1 (<b>H8>=80</b>) bernilai <b>TRUE</b>
dimana nilai pada sel H8 lebih besar dari 80 sehingga logika akan menuju pada pernyataan2
yaitu (<b>Ya)</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada Contoh 2, pernyataan1 (<b>H9>=80</b>) bernilai <b>FALSE</b>
dimana nilai pada sel H9 tidak lebih besar dari 80 karena hanya 77 sehingga
logika akan menuju pada pernyataan3 yaitu (<b>Tidak)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNGSI IF Bercabang atau bertingkat
- IF() <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika sudah
membahas tentang Fungsi IF yang telah menentukan dua buah nilai kemungkinan.
Maka tantangan selanjutnya adalah bagaimana jika kemungkinan tersebut tidak hanya
dua kemungkinan. Kemungkinannya bisa saja empat, lima, atau enam, dan
seterusnya. Maka fungsi yang harus digunakan adalah fungsi IF bercabang atau
fungsi IF bertingkat. Atau istilah lain IF di dalam IF.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Syarat:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulisan rumus hampir sama dengan fungsi IF biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hanya saja setiap pernyataan harus memiliki rentang nilai
(interval) dan diikuti nilai berupa TEKS yang berbeda-beda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai setiap pernyataan hanya menggunakan nilai batas
bawah dari sebuah interval.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pernyataan terakhir ditulis hanya dengan nilai TEKS tanpa
ada pernyataan seperti pernyataan sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Saat mengakhiri rumus fungsi tersebut, maka ditutup
dengan <b>KURUNG TUTUP </b>yang terakhir
sesuai dengan jumlah <b>KURUNG BUKA</b>
yang telah digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:381pt;height:222.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="297" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="508" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjelasan berdasarkan tabel di atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Interval nilai yang dibuat untuk
mendapatkan nilai <b>KATEGORI AKHIR</b> di atas adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai A adalah 85 – ke atas atau (>=85)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai B adalah 80 – 85 atau (>=80)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai C adalah 75 – 80 atau (>=75)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai D adalah 70 – 75 atau (>=70)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai E adalah 65 – 70 atau (>=65)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perhatikan kolom
KATEGORI AKHIR dengan hasil yang dilingkari. Rumus fungsi IF Bercabang
yang digunakan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=IF(H7>=85;"A";IF(H7>=80;"B";IF(H7>=75;"C";IF(H7>=70;"D";"E"))))</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkuman<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Operasi logika yang digunakan dalam fungsi logika adalah
operasi perbandingan yaitu =, >, <, >=, <=, dan <>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah
membuat atau menggunakan fungsi logika, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masukkan tanda sama dengan (=) terlebih dahulu pada
sebuah sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masukkan logika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tekan tombol ENTER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilai logika akan tampil pada sel tersebut, yaitu TRUE
atau FALSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian dan rumus dari fungsi NOT, AND, dan OR,
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi NOT() digunakan untuk <b>membalikkan</b> suatu nilai pernyataan. Pernyataan yang diperlukan
adalah pernyataan yang memiliki nilai TRUE atau FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya: =NOT(pernyataan logika).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi AND() digunakan untuk menguji beberapa nilai atau
kondisi sekaligus, sehingga memerlukan sedikitnya dua buah pernyataan (boleh
lebih) berupa logika untuk menghasilkan nilai TRUE atau FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya:
=AND(Pernyataan _logika1;Pernyataan_logika2;...)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi OR() digunakan untuk menguji beberapa nilai atau
kondisi dan mengembalikan nilai TRUE atau FALSE. Ia juga memerlukan sedikitnya
dua buah pernyataan (boleh lebih) berupa logika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya: =OR(Pernyataan_logika1;Pernyataan_logika2;...)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian dan rumus fungsi IF, sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi IF()<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi IF
digunakan untuk menguji suatu pernyataan apakah ia memenuhi syarat atau tidak.
Pada fungsi IF diperlukan tiga buah pernyataan (boleh lebih) dengan syarat
harus dalam kondisi TRUE dan FALSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusnya:
=IF(Pernyataan1;”pernyataan2”;”pernyataan3”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 9.0pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi IF() bertingkat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi IF
digunakan untuk menguji suatu pernyataan yang kemungkinannya lebih dari dua
kemungkinan. Misalnya ada 4 kemungkinan maka rumusnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">=IF(Pernyt.1;”Nilai1”;
IF(Pernyt.2;”Nilai2”; IF(Pernyt.3;”Nilai1”;”Nilai4”)))<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></u></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal Latihan<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerjakanlah soal-soal latihan di bawah ini tanpa melihat
materi modul yang tersedia. Hal tersebut untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pemahaman
Anda terhadap materi dalam modul ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal Teori (Kognitif)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawablah soal-soal
berikut dengan singkat dan jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang dimaksud
dengan fungsi logika?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuliskan operasi
yang digunakan dalam menyelesaikan fungsi logika?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuliskan dengan
benar rumus dan syarat-syarat Fungsi NOT?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan kegunaan
dan syarat-syarat Fungsi AND?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuliskan syarat
untuk pernyataan kedua (logika) pada fungsi IF?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal Praktik (Psikomotorik)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:398.25pt;height:137.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="183" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="531" /><!--[endif]-->`<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buatlah tabel
seperti di atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan nilai
AVERAGE Nilai-1, Nilai-2, dan Nilai-3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan nilai
TRUE atau FALSE pada fungsi NOT jika logika perbandingannya adalah >70.
Nilai yang dibandingkan adalah nilai AVERAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan nilai
TRUE atau FALSE pada fungsi AND jika logika perbandingannya adalah >70.
Nilai yang dibandingkan adalah nilai NILAI 1, 2 dan 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan nilai TRUE
atau FALSE pada fungsi OR jika logika perbandingannya adalah >70. Nilai yang
dibandingkan adalah nilai NILAI 1, 2 dan 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tentukan nilai
TINGGI atau RENDAH pada fungsi IF jika logika perbandingannya adalah >=70.
Nilai yang dibandingkan adalah nilai AVERAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-19053390364823343272012-05-15T21:55:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:55:06.175-07:00LAPORAN TIK MENGENAI FUNGSI DALAM EXCEL<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGGUNAAN
FUNGSI DALAM MICROSOFT EXCEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
: Mengetahui cara penggunaan MS.Excel dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Microsoft Excel
merupakan program yang dirancang untuk melakukan berbagai jenis operasi
perhitungan. Perhitungan dalam program ini selalu menggunakan operator
perhitungan dan data-data yang dihitung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
Operator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Microsoft Excel mempunyai empat jenis
operator yaitu operator aritmatika, operator perbandingan, operator acuan, dan
penggabungan teks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator
Aritmatika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 26.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator aritmatika berfungsi untuk
membuat operasi dasar matematika seperti
penjumlahan,pengurangan,pembagian,perkalian,persentase,eksponensial, dan
penggabungan bilangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator
Perbandingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 26.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator perbandingan berfungsi untuk
membandingkan dua buah nilai yang mana perbandingan tersebut menghasilkan nilai
logika True atau False.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator
Acuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 26.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Opertator acuan berfungsi menggabungkan
selang sel yang digunakan dalam perhitungan. Operator acuan yang digunakan
antara lain koma(,), titik dua (:), dan spasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator
penggabungan Teks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Operator penggabungan teks berfungsi
untuk menggabungkan dua data yang bertipe string (teks).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan
Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi merupakan rumus yang telah siap
digunakan yang disediakan oleh Microsoft Excel. Fungsi tersebut berguna untuk
membantu proses perhitungan. Penulisan fungsi didahului dengan tanda sama
dengan(=), diikuti nama fungsi yang digunakan,diberi tanda kurung buka,
kemudian argumen-argumen dari fungsi yang dipisahkan dengan tanda koma, dan
diakhiri dengan tanda kurung tutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama dari beberapa fungsi di Excel
adalah SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, LARGE, SMALL. Biasanya nama fungsi mengacu
kepada fungsi yang digunakan. Misalnya SUM untuk mencari jumlah, AVERAGE untuk
mencari rata-rata, MAX untuk mencari nilai maksimum, dan lain sebagainya. Argumen-argumen
merupakan konstanta-konstanta, rumus ataupun sebuah fungsi. Argumen-argumen
juga bisa di tuliskan dalam bentuk sel-sel acuan, array-array, ataupun bentuk
logika seperti TRUE atau FALSE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk penulisan fungsi dapat dilihat
pada contoh berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">= nama_fungsi(argumen1, Argumen2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">=AVERAGE(A3:A3)*B3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Yang Digunakan adalah SUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi SUM digunakan
untuk menghitung secara keseluruhan jumlah data yang ingin di jumlahkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variasi
Penggunaan Fungsi SUM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-right: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;">Penggunaan Penjelasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=
SUM(1,9)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjumlahkan
data angka 1 dan 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=SUM(B5:B10)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjumlahkan
data angka dari sel B5 sampai sel B10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=SUM(B5:B10,9)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjumlahkan
data angka dari sel B5 sampai sel B10 dan angka 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=SUM(B5:B10,A5:A10)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjumlahkan
data angka dari sel B5 sampai sel B10 dan ditambahkan dengan jumlah data
angka dari sel A5 sampai sel A10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Memasukkan
fungsi di worksheet bisa dilakukan secara manual atau menggunakan tab FORMULAS.
Jika menggunakan cara manual,maka anda bisa langsung mengetikkan fungsi yang
diinginkan disel yang ingin digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berikut
ini langkah-langkah untuk memasukkan fungsi menggunakan tab Formulas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klik
sel yang ingin diisi fungsi, misalnya di sel D2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:222.75pt;height:53.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" croptop="14921f" cropbottom="37404f" cropright="33214f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="71" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="297" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klik
tab Formulas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klik
tombol Insert Function sehingga akan muncul kotak dialog Insert Function
seperti pada gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:192.75pt;height:167.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="" croptop="11186f" cropbottom="12870f" cropleft="9325f" cropright="28217f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="223" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="257" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
kotak pilihan Or select a category, pilih fungsi yang ada di Excel, misalnya
pilihan Math & Trig.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
kotak pilihan select a function, pilih fungsi yang ingin digunakan, misalnya
SUM digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah seluruh siswa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klik
tombol OK hingga muncul kotak dialog Function Arguments seperti pada gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:267.75pt;height:156pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title="" croptop="12739f" cropbottom="14115f" cropleft="3872f" cropright="22766f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="208" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="357" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klik
kotak sebelah kanan Number1 dan pilih range sel sebagai masukan argumen fungsi.
Setelah kotak sebelah kanan number1 diklik, akan muncul tampilan seperti pada
gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:267.75pt;height:25.5pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title="" croptop="13356f" cropbottom="45813f" cropleft="3779f" cropright="22947f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="34" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="357" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
sebelah kanan kotak isian tersebut untuk mengembalikan kebentuk semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
semua data yang akan dihitung sudah dimasukkan, maka Number2 bisa dikosongkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selanjutnya,
klik OK.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:216.75pt;height:41.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title="" croptop="15544f" cropbottom="39733f" cropright="34123f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="55" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="289" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara lain dengan manual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aktifkan
sel yang ingin digunakan untuk menempatkan hasil penjumlahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian
masukkan rumus fungsi SUM pada sel tersebut misalnya =SUM(B12:B35).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lalu
akhiri dengan menekan tombol enter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laporan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RUMUS
DAN FUNGSI APLIKASI <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGOLAH
ANGKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TAHUN PELAJARAN 2012/2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SMA NEGERI 1 WATAMPONE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-31754103103683005332012-05-15T21:51:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:51:05.885-07:00LAPORAN KIMIA TENTANG PH INDIKATOR<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengujian pH dengan
Indikator Universal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menentukan
pH larutan asam, basa, dan air murni menggunakan indikator universal pita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Teori :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Derajat keasaman (pH)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pH</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> atau derajat keasaman<b> </b>digunakan
untuk menyatakan tingkat keasaman (atau ke basaanyang dimiliki oleh suatu
larutan. Yang dimaksudkan “keasaman” di sini adalah konsentrasi ion
hidrogen(H+) dalam pelarut air. Nilai pH berkisar dari 0 hingga 14. Suatu
larutan dikatakan netral
apabila memiliki nilai pH=7. Nilai pH>7 menunjukkan larutan memiliki sifat
basa, sedangkan nilai pH<7 menunjukan keasaman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai pH 7 dikatakan netral karena pada air murni ion H+ terlarut dan ion
OH- terlarut (sebagai tanda kebasaan) berada pada jumlah yang sama, yaitu 10-7
pada kesetimbangan. Penambahan senyawa ion H+ terlarut dari suatu asam
akan mendesak kesetimbangan ke kiri (ion OH- akan diikat oleh H+ membentuk
air). Akibatnya terjadi kelebihan ion hidrogen dan meningkatkan konsentrasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Indikator
universal adalah gabungan dari beberapa indikator. Larutan indikator universal
yang biasa digunakan dalam laboratorium terdiri dari metal jingga (trayek :
2,9-4,0), metal merah (trayek : 4,2-6,3), bromtimol biru (trayek : 6,0-7,6),
dan fenolftalein (trayek : 8,3-10,0). Indikator-indikator itu memberi warna
yang berbeda bergantung pada pH larutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam kuat adalah asam yang terionisasi 100% dalam larutan. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tiap saat, sebenarnya 100% hidrogen klorida akan bereaksi untuk
menghasilkan ion hidroksonium dan ion klorida. Hidrogen klorida digambarkan
sebagai asam
kuat. Asam kuat lain yang biasa diperoleh adalah asam sulfat dan asam
nitrat.<b><i> </i></b>Penentuan pH asam kuat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika anda menentukan pH dari 0.1 mol dm<sup>-3</sup>
asam klorida. Yang anda perlukan untuk melakukannya adalah menentukan
konsentrasi ion hidrogen dalam larutan terlebih dahulu, dan kemudian
mengubahnya menjadi bentuk pH dengan menggunakan kalkulator. Dengan menggunakan
asam kuat hal ini sangatlah mudah.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam hidroklorida adalah asam kuat – terionisasi 100%.
Tiap mol HCl bereaksi dengan air untuk menghasilkan 1 mol ion hidrogen dan 1
mol ion klorida.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam lemah adalah
salah satu yang tidak terionisasi seluruhnya ketika asam lemah tersebut
dilarutkan dalam air.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam etanoat (asam asetat) adalah asam lemah yang khas. Asam etanoat
bereaksi dengan air untuk menghasilkan ion hidroksonium dan ion etanoat, tetapi
reaksi kebalikannya lebih baik dibandingkan dengan reaksi ke arah depan. Ion
bereaksi dengan sangat mudah untuk membentuk kembali asam dan air.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/ethanoiceqm.gif"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:96.6pt;
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style='width:30pt;height:11.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/padding.gif" height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_34" width="40" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada setiap saat, hanya sekitar 1% molekul asam etanoat yang diubah ke
dalam bentuk ion. Sisanya tetap sebagai molekul asam etanoat yang sederhana. Sebagaian
besar asam organik adalah asam lemah. Hidrogen fluorida (dilarutkan dalam air
untuk menghasilkan asam hidrofluorida) adalah asam anorganik lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Basa kuat adalah sesuatu seperti natrium hidroksida atau kalium hidroksida
yang bersifat ionik. Kamu dapat memperkirakan senyawa tersebut terpisah 100%
menjadi ion logam dan ion hidroksida dalam larutan. Beberapa basa kuat seperti
kalsium hidroksida sangat tidak larut dalam air. Hal itu bukan suatu masalah –
kalsium hidroksida tetap terionisasi 100% menjadi ion kalsium dan ion
hidroksida. Kalsium hidroksida tetap dihitung sebagai basa kuat karena kalsium
hidroksida 100% terionisasi. Penentuan
pH basa kuat Ingat bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -2;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; left: 200px; position: absolute; top: -23px; width: 149px;"><img alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/ph.gif" height="26" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="149" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena pH
merupakan pengukuran konsentrasi ion hidrogen, bagaimana suatu larutan yang
mengandung ion hidroksida dapat memiliki harga pH? Untuk memahami hal ini, kamu
perlu mengetahui tentang hasil kali ion air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Basa lemah adalah salah satu yang tidak berubah seluruhnya menjadi ion
hidroksida dalam larutan. Amonia adalah basa lemah yang khas. Sudah sangat
jelas amonia tidak mengandung ion hidroksida, tetapi amonia bereaksi dengan air
untuk menghasilkan ion amonium dan ion hidroksida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="15" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas ukur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator
uiversal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air suling<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air kapur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air jeruk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air sabun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air sumur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air tanah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan NaCl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan HCl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Langkah-langkah
percobaan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Siapkan potongan-potongan kecil pita indicator
universal pada plat tetes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Teteskan air,larutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Amati warna yang terjadi pada indicator dan
tentukan PH pada wadah pita indikator universal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pertanyaan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berapakah harga pH air,larutan asam,dan basa
pada percobaan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apakah pH larutan asam atau basa lemah sama
dengan pH asam atau basa kuat?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Buatlah kesimpulan tentang pH larutan asam dan
basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Jawaban :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Asam </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Air Jeruk pH
= 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HCl
pH = 0 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH pH = 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> pH
= 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Basa:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">NaOH pH = 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Air
Sabun pH = 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Air Kapur pH = 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Netral</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Air
Sumur pH = 7 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Air
Suling pH = 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Air Tanah pH = 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> NaCl pH = 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak sama, karena</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> larutan yang termasuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Asam
kuat, yaitu asam yang banyak menghasilkan ion yang ada dalam larutannya (asam
yang terionisasi sempurna dalam larutannya).</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Contoh HCl
memiliki pH = 0. Sedangkan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Asam lemah, adalah asam
yang sedikit menghasilkan ion yang ada dalam larutannya (hanya terionisasi
sebagian).</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Contoh CH<sub>3</sub>COOH memiliki pH = 2. Dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Basa kuat, yaitu basa yang bisa menghasilkan
ion OH dalam jumlah yang besar. Basa kuat biasanya disebut dengan istilah
kausatik. Contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> NaOH memiliki pH = 14.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Sedangkan Basa lemah, yaitu basa yang bisa menghasilkan ion OH” dalam jumlah
kecil.Contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> NH<sub>3</sub> memiliki pH = 9.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kesimpulan :</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Setelah melakukan percobaan di atas dapat
ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Asam adalah larutan yang memiliki pH < 7, Basa
adalah larutan yang memilikin pH > 7 , dan netral adalah larutan yang
memiliki pH = 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Laporan Hasil Praktikum Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Pengujian pH dengan Indikator Universal)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 29px; line-height: 33px;">SITI RAHMA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">XI IPA 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SMA NEGERI 1 WATAMPONE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TAHUN PELAJARAN 2011/2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-28423585536571885072012-05-15T21:44:00.001-07:002012-05-15T21:44:42.861-07:00laporan KIMIA tentang larutan basa,asam dan netral XI IPA 2<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LAPORAN HASI PRAKTIKUM KIMIA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Rod;">Menunjukkan Larutan Asam, Basa dan Netral</span><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siti rahma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SMA NEGERI 1 WATAMPONE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TAHIN PELAJARAN 2011/2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan
Larutan Asam,Larutan Basa,dan Larutan Netral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan larutan asam,larutan
basa,dan larutan netral dengan indicator asam-basa dan indicator Ph/indikator
universal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam
meruapakan suatu zat yang bila di larutkan ke dalam air akan mengahasilkan ion
hidronium (</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
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font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>H</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>+</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">). Sedangkan basa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah senyawa dalam air yang dapat menghasilkan ion
hidroksida (</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Comic Sans MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>OH</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Comic Sans MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 14.25pt; width: 24pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ) .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap zat atau senyawa mempunyai sifat asam ,basa
atau netral. Kita dapat </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menentukan
apakah zat atau senyawa itu asam, basa atau netral dengan menggunakan
indikator. Indikator ini dapat berupa indikator universal atau lakmus biru -
lakmus merah <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">yang dibuat di laboratorium,
atau juga dapat menggunakan indikator asam-basa dengan </span>bahan dari alam. Indikator
asam-basa alami menggunakan bahan-bahan dari alam seperti bunga sepatu,bunga
hidrangea, kol ungu, kunyit dan beberapa jenis tumbuhan lainnya. Indikator
asam-<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">basa yang baik adalah zat warna yang
memberi warna berbeda dalam larutan asam dan larutan b.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
larutan basa, kertas lakmus merah yang dicelupkan dalam senyawa basa akan
berubah warna menjadi biru. Sedangkan pada larutan asam, kertas lakmus biru
yang dicelupkan dalam senyawa asam akan berubah warna menjadi merah. Apabila warnanya
tetap maka larutan itu bersifat netral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat
dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 11.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indikator universal</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kertas lakmus merah dan lakmus biru</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gelas kimia </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan HCl </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air sumur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air suling</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air tanah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air sabun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air kapur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air jeruk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan NaOH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan NaCl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Langkah
Kerja:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rancang dan lakukan percobaan
untuk menentukan sifat asam-basa dari berbagai larutan atau bahan di sekitar
kita. Missal: air sabun, larutan garam,air jeruk,larutan ammonia,air tanah,air
got,air abu,air kapur,asam cuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai indikator dapat digunakan
lakmus merah, lakmus biru,serta indicator pH.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil Pengamatan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompokkan larutan yang Anda uji
menurut sifatnya (asam,basa atau netral)!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 12.5pt; width: 583px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">Larutan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">LM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">LB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">Asam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">Basa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">Netral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background1;">PH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air sabun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">>7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">HCl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air Jeruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air Kapur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">>7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air Sumur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">=7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air Suling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">=7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.05pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 19.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 19.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 19.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 19.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 19.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 19.05pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">>7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Air Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">=7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">NaCL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">=7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.3pt;" valign="top" width="179">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><b><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty
m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>CH</m:r></span></i></b></m:e><m:sub><b><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty
m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></span></i></b></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 18.75pt; width: 26.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">COOH</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.2pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.15pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apakah hasil pengujian dengan
lakmus dan pengujian dengan indicator universal member</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> hasil yang sama?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab:
Ya, memberi hasil yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berdasarkan
hasil percobaan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa dalam larutan basa, kertas
lakmus merah yang dicelupkan dalam senyawa basa akan berubah warna menjadi
biru. Sedangkan pada larutan asam, kertas lakmus biru yang dicelupkan dalam
senyawa asam akan berubah warna menjadi merah. Apabila warnanya tetap maka larutan
itu bersifat netral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-29651483284983789052012-05-15T21:42:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:42:16.312-07:00surat<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1 Surat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.1 Pengertian Surat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> adalah merupakan alat atau sarana untuk mengambil pernyataan atau
mengambil informasi secara tertulis dari pihak yang satu ke pihak yang lainnya,
baik atas nama sendiri, jabatan yang disandang dari suatu instansi perusahaan
atau organisasi. (Pratama, 1997:1)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Beberapa pengertian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
menurut para ahli adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Suhanda Panji </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">“<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city>
adalah sehelai kertas atau lebih yang memuat suatu bahan komunikasi yang
disampaikan oleh seseorang kepada orang lain baik atas nama pribadi maupun
kedutaan dalam organisasi kantor (1982 : 979 ) “.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Ahmad Mansyur </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">“<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city>
adalah sehelai kertas atau lebih yang ditulis atau diketik, dengan menggunakan
susunan kalimat dalam bahasa yang baik dan benar, dan biasanya berisi curahan
hati / berita yang disampaikan dari jarak jauh oleh seseorang kepada orang lain
(1986 : 11)”.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Ig Wursanto</span></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> adalah suatu alat penyampaian informasi / keterangan-keterangan
(keputusan, pernyataan, pemberitahuan, permintaan,dsb).secara tertulis dari satu
pihak kepada pihak lainnya. (1991 : 11)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> adalah suatu alat penyampaian suatu
informasi dari pihak kesatu kepada pihak lain yang berupa sebuah tulisan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.2 Fungsi Surat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Fungsi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
menurut Pratama dan Manurung ( 1997: 10) adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi
tertulis untuk menyampiakan pesan atau informasi dari satu pihak kepada pihak
lain karena itu, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
juga berfungsi mencerminkan citra atau wibawa pihak pengirim.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Adapun fungsi-fungsi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Alat bukti tertulis (Dokumen
tertulis)</span></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> memiliki funsi sebagai bukti tertulis, karena <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> memiliki kekuatan hukum yang sah, sebab
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> asli
pasti memiliki bukti identitas yang jelas yaitu tanda tangan penanggung jawab <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dan atau cap
(stempel) perusahaan.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Alat untuk mengingat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Manusia merupakan makhluk yang masih memiliki kelemahan,
salah satu kelemahannya adalah kemampuan otak manusia dalam mengingat hal-hal
yang sudah lama dan jumlah yang besar. Sehingga dengan adanya surat, informasi
yang ada didalamnya dapat tersimpan dan dapat dibaca dan diingat kembali.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pedoman untuk bertindak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Melalui surat seseorang dapat melakukan aktivitasnya
sesuai dengan apa yang tercantum dalam isi surat.Dengan demikian surat dijadikan
dasar seseoranng atau lembaga untuk melakukan suatu tindakan atau kegiatan. </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Duta / wakil organisasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dengan melalui <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>,
seseorang tidak perlu bertemu secara langsung dengan orang yang
dituju.Penyampain informasi dapat diwakili dengan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang ditulisnya.Karena sebagai wakil
penulis maka <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
hendaknya ditulis dengan mempertimbangkan keindahan atau penampilan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dokumen historis dari suatu
kegiatan</span></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> dapat dijadikan dokumen sejarah tentang masa lalu, karena informasi
yang terdapat dalam <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
merupakan rekaman kegiatan-kegiatan pada masa yang lalu.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Keterangan keamanan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dengan adanya <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>,
seseorangmelakukan sesuatu dengan rasa aman. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.3 Pengolongan Surat Menurut Pemakaiannya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Dilihat dari segi pemakaiaanya <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dapat dibedakan atas empat macam yaitu <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
pribadi, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
pemerintah, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
niaga, dan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
sosial.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">1. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city>
pribadi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> pribadi
adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dari perseorangan kepada orang lain atau kepada organisasi.Surat pribadi
dapatdibedakan atas dua macam.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> pribadi yang
isinya bersifat prive, yaitu <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang dikirim kepada teman atau kepada kerabat / keluarga.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> pribadi yang
isinya bersifat resmi, yaitu <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang dikirim kepada pejabat suatu instansi atau kepada organisasi.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city>
pemerintah adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
resmi yang terutama dipergunakan oleh instansi pemerintah untuk kepentingan
administrasi pemerintah</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city>
Bisnis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> bisnis adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang terutama dipakai oleh perusahaan untuk urusan perdagangan atau jual
beli.Surat <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
bisnis memakai bentuk variasi, namun tetap mengikuti ketentuan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> resmi.pemakaian bahasa dalam <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> bisnis lebih luwes
jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
pemerintah.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">3. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> sosial adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang dipakai oleh organisasi kemasyarakatan, misalnya yayasan, perkumpulan olah
raga, organisasi kedaerahan, dan organisasi lainnya yang bersifat nonprofit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.4 Penggolongan Surat Menurut Banyaknya Sasaran Yang Dituju<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan banyaknya sasaran tersebut <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam
yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> biasa</span></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> biasa adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang ditujukan
kepada satu hal atau beeberapa orang/ organisasi (jumlahnya sedikit)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> edaran dan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> pengumuman</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Surat edaran dan surat pengumuman
adalah surat yang ditujukan kepada orang atau organisasi yang jumlahnya banyak.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.5 Penggolongan Surat Menurut Sifatnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> dapat dibedakan atas tiga golongan yaitu:</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat penting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat penting
adalah semua surat yang diterima atau yang masuk pada Sub bagian umum yang
mengemukakan masalah – masalah pokok yang mempengaruhi langsung , berhasil tidaknya
pencapaian tujuan organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Contoh :
Surat Dinas, Surat Pernyataan, Surat
Pemberitahuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat rutin biasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat rutin
biasa adalah surat yang diterima atau yang masuk pada sub bagian umum yang
tidak tergolong penting, bukan surat rahasia dan bukan surat pribadi. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Surat
–surat tersebut kegunaanya relative singkat dan tidak perlu disimpan terlalu
lama</span><span lang="FR">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR">Contoh : Surat Pengantar,
Surat Undangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Surat Rahasia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Surta rahasia adalah surat yang diterima
atau yang masuk pada sub bagian umum di Bapusipda bandung yang harus
disampaikan kepada pimpinan atau orang yang bersangkutan masih dalam keadan
tertutup,sehingga surat tersebut tidak boleh dibuka oleh penerima surat .surat
rahasia tidak melaui pengagendaan karena sifatnya yang rahasia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Contoh :
Surat Permohonan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.6 Penggolongan Surat
Menurut Urgensinya.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut urgensinya <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dapat dibedakan menjadi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
biasa, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
segera atau ekspres, dan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
kilat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">a. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> Biasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> biasa adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang diperlakkukan
secara biasa, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
ini tidak diistimewakan dengan kata lain <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
ini dapat digolongkan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang bisa ditunda penyelesaiannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">b. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> Segera / Ekspres</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> segera / ekspres adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang memerlukan penyelesaiannya dengan segera, tetapi tidak se-urgent <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> kilat.Bila dikirim
via pos, biaya perangko <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
ekspres tentu lebih besar dari perangko <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">c. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city> Kilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> kilat adalah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang memerlukan penyelesaian sangat segera. Surat ini harus didahulukan dari
surat-surat lain, baik dalam proses pembuatan maupun proses pengirimannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.7 Tujuan Surat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Surat</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US"> merupakan sarana komunikasi penting dalam menyelenggarakan
administrasi perusahaan, sedangkan tujuan itu sendiri adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Pemberitahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Perintah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Susulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Peringatan atau
Teguran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Permohonan atau
Permintaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Panggilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai Surat Pengantar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Untuk Mendapatkan Tanggapan
dari Sipenerima Surat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyampaikan Informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.8 Syarat-Syarat Surat yang Baik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan media kertas <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang tepat dari
segi ukuran, jenis dan warna sesuai dengan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang akan ditulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan bentuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang standar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan bahasa <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> yang <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">baku</st1:place></st1:city>, tidak bersifat
emotif/ berbunga-bunga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city> bahasa yang lugas <i>(concise)</i> yaitu <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city>
bahasa yang sederhana dan tidak bertele-tele.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan bahasa yang jelas <i>(clear)</i> yaitu bahasa atau kalimat yang
tidak menimbulkan penafsiran makna yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan bahasa yang sopan
dan hormat <i>(cortious)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyajikan fakta yang benar <i>(correct)</i> yaitu memberikan informasi
yang sesuai dengan kenyataan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyajikan informasi yang
lengkap <i>(complete)</i> yaitu tidak adanya
informasi yang tertinggal atau terlupa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tidak menggunakan singkatan,
kecuali yang lazim dipakai di dalam surat-menyurat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">j.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tidak menggunakan kata-kata
sulit dan istilah yang belum memasyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.9 Bentuk-Bentuk Surat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bentuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
adalah tata letak atau posisi bagian-bagian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>. Bentuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang baik akan menimbulkan kesan yang
baik sipenerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>,
salah satu hal yang menentukan atau tidaknya <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> adalah bentuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang digunakan. Adapun <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> bentuknya, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1. <i>Block
style</i> (Bentuk lurus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut bentuk ini bagian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> kecuali tanggal dan salam penutup
dimulai dari pinggir kiri yang sama, tanggal dan dan salam penutup diketik
sebelah kanan, pengetikan alinea sama seperti bentuk lurus penuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US">Full block style </span></i><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bentuk
lurus penuh)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut bentuk ini semua bagiansurat diketik mulai
margin kiri yang sama, setiap alinea baru mulai pada garis margin yang sama
dengan jarak baris yang biasnya. Demikian pula kata penutup dan nama penanggung
jawab <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
diketik pada garis margin yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US">Semi block style</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> (Bentuk setengah lurus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Pada bentuk ini semua bagian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> kecuali isi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>, diketik sama
seperti bentuk lurus, setiap akhir alinea baru diketik sesudah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">lima</st1:place></st1:city> spasi dari garis margin kiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US">Indented style</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> (Bentuk lekuk)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada bentuk ini susunan alamat surat untuk baris pertama
(nama perusahaan) dimulai pada garis margin surat, kemudian pada garis keduanya
(nama jalan) dimulai setelah lima spasi sesudah margin kiri dan garis
berikutmya (nama kota) dimulai sesudah sepuluh spasi dari garis margin kiri,
selanjutnya pada isi surat setiap alinea baru dimulai sesudah lima spasi dari
garis margin kiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US">Official style</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> (Bentuk resmi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada bentuk ini alamat <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> diketik pada sebelah kanan dan letaknya
dibawah tanggal <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>.
Margin kiri ditulis dengan cara berurutan kebawah yaitu nomor <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>, lampiran dan perihal. Setiap alinea
baru pada isi surat dimulai lima spasi pada garis margin kiri, bentuk surat
semacam ini banyak digunakan oleh instansi pemerintah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">6. <i>Hangging paragraph style</i> (Bentuk
menggantung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada bentuk ini alinea seperti <i>block style</i>, kemudian setiap baris kedua sampai terakhir dan
tiap-tiap alinea diketik sesudah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">lima</st1:place></st1:city>
spasi dari garis margin kiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.1.10 Bagian Surat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bagian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dan fungsinya dibagi beberapa bagian yaitu :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kop Surat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Fungsinya sebagai alat pengenal, sebagai alat pemberi
informasi dan sebagai iklan pada kantor-kantor tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tanggal <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Surat</st1:place></st1:city></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Fungsinya sebagai referensi, sebagai alat pemberi
informaasi dan sebagai iklan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Nomor Surat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
sebagai alat petunjuk bagi petugas <i>fillin</i>g, sebagai alat ukur kegiatan
kantor yang berhubungan dengan surat pada suatu periode, sebagai unit asal
surat, sebagai referensi dan sebagai lampiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">4. Lampiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
sebagai petunjuk tentang dokumen yang harus disertakan bersama <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">5. Perihal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
sebagai bahan referensi, sebagai petunjuk tentang instansi dari <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> secara keseluruhan
dan sebagai petunjuk bagi petugas <i>filling.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">6. Alamat
Dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
sebagai petunjuk petugas filling, sebagai petunjuk keamanan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang harus disampaikan dan sebagai
alamat luar apabila menggunakan amplop berjendela.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">7. SalamPembuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Fungsinya sebagai tanda pembicaraan akan dimulai tidak
digunakan dalam <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
resmi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">8. Isi
Surat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
untuk uraikan materi pokok atau subjek-subjek lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">9. Salam
Penutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
tanda bahwa pembicaraan telah selesai, tidak digunakan dalam <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> resmi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Nama Jabatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Fungsinya sebagai identitas penanggung jawab, sebagai
petunjuk bagi petugas <i>fillilng<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Inisial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fungsinya
sebagai kode nama (singkatan) pembuat konsep dan pengetik <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>, ini digunakan untuk mempermudah
pemeriksaan kembali apabila terjadi kesalahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tembusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Fungsinya untuk digunakan apabila ada pihak lain yang
dianggap perlu mengetahui nisi <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.2 Surat Masuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.2.1 Pengertian Surat
Masuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Warsanto </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">“Surat masuk adalah sarana komunikasi tertulis yang
diterima dari instansi lain atau dari perorangan. Dapat pula diberikan
pengertian bahwa <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
masuk adalah semua jenis <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang diterima melalui pos (kantor pos) maupun yang diterima dari kurir
(pengiriman <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>)
dengan menggunakan buku pengirim (buku ekspedisi) (1983 : 10)”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan definisi diatas <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> masuk merupakan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang diterima oleh suatu perusahaan
atau instansi dalam waktu tiap hari kerja dan ditangani oleh seorang
sekretaris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">2.3<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US"> Arsip<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.3.1 Pengertian Arsip<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut UU Nomor 7 tahun 1971 Arsip adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Naskah yang dibuat dan diterima
oleh lembaga-lembaga Negara dan badan-badan pemerintah dalam bentuk corak
apapun baik dalam keadaan tunggal maupun kelompok dalam rangka pelaksanaan
kegiatan pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Naskah – naskah yang dibuat dan
diterimaoleh badan-badan swasta dan perorangan baik dalam keadaan tunggal
maupun kelompok </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Keputusan Gubernur
Kependudukan Darah Tingkat 1 Jawa Barat Nomor 35 tahun 1990 Arsip adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Naskah-naskah yang dibuat dan
diterima oleh satuan organisasi dalam lingkungan instansi baik dalam keadaan
tunggal maupun kelompok untuk pelaksanaan tugas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Arsip dinamis adalah arsip yang
masih dipergunakan dalam penyelenggaraan dan oelaksanaan tugas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Pendeta <i>The Liang Gie</i>
Arsip adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kumpulan warkat yang disimpan secara teratur, berencana karena
mempunyaisuatu kegunaan agar setiap kali diperlukan agar dapat cepat ditemukan
kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Prajudi Admosudirdjo Arsip adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kumpulan teratur dari bahan-bahan arsip, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> kartu–kartu mikrosilan dan sebagainya
yang dipakai setiap saat untuk bahan petunjuk dan pembuktian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.3.2 Jenis - Jenis Arsip
Diantaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip dinamis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip statis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip dinamis aktif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip dinami in-aktif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip sentral</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip unit</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Arsip abadi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan demikian arsip berfungsi sebagai pusat ingatan
dan sumber informasi dan sebagai alat pengawasan yang dapat diperlukan pada
setiap organisasi dalam rangka perencanaan, pengembangan, perumusan, dan
menentukan kebijakan untuk pengambilan keputusan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.4 Kartu Kendali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.4.1 Pengertian Kartu Kendali<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut keputusan
menteri dalam negeri Nomor 30 Tahun 1979</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">‘’Kartu kendali adalah lembaran isian untuk pencatatan
penyampaian, penemuan kembali, di bedakan antara kartu kendali <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> - <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
masuk dan kendali <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
– <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> keluar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">Penataan Kartu Kendali Masuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Setiap menyusun kartu kendali terlebih dulu dimasukan ke
dalam folder kecil, setiap folder terdiri
dari satu masalah dan tab folder selalu beradadi ujung kanan, sehingga apabila
disusun dengan sekatnya akan membentuk satu deretan tab yang tidak saling
menutupi satu sama lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kartu Kendali Warna Putih (Lembar
I)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kartu kendali warna putih
disusun berdasarkan pola klasifikasi dengan mencantumkan kode dan masalahnya
secara penuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penyimpanan folder kecil yang
diisi kartu kendali diletakan dibelakang sekat dan disimpan secara tegak lurus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kartu Kendali Warna Hijau (Lembar
II)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Kartu kendali warna hijau dimasukan kedalam folder kecil,
selanjutnya disusun secara sistematis berdasarkan instansi naskah dinas.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Susunannya sebagai berikut:</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sekat pertama dengan tab warna
merah ditulis nama induk instansi misalnya Lembaga Negara, Departemen. LPND Dan
seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sekat kedua debgan tab warna
kuning yang disi dengan nama bagian dari induk instansi atau rincian dari
kelompok tersebut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menteri dalam negeri dan sebagainya pada peringkat kedua
untuk kelompok menteri-menteri, kabupaten Bandung, kabpaten garut pada
peringkat kedua untuk kelompok instansi kabupaten/kota, dinas diknas, dinas
kesehatan diletakan dibelakang/pada peringkat kedua untuk kelompok dinas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sekat ketiga dengan tab warna
hijau diisi sengan kode masalah sesuai dengan pola klasifikasi, namun cukup
diisi dengan kode peringkat pertamanya, seperti 000, 100, 900.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Tab pada folder kecil ditulis
dengan urutan waktu (bulan, tahun)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Satu folder digunakan untuk
satu tahun atau lebih apabila masih dimungkinkan, karena penulisan dalam folder
harus jelas sesuai butir diatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kartu Kendali Warna Kuning (Lembar
III) </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Kartu kendali warna kuning disusun berdasarkan urutan unit
pengolah, karena kartu kendali warna kuning berfungsi sebagai tanda bukti
penerimaan naskah dinas masuk oleh unit pengolah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Susunan sekatnya berbeda dengan susuna kartu kendali putih,
yakni disusun dengan memperhatikan hierarki jabatan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Tab pada folder diisi dengan urutan waktu bulan atau tahun
sesuai debgan kebutuhan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kartu Kendali Warna Merah.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Kartu kendali warna merah disimpan di unit pengolah dan cara
penyususnannya dilakukan seperti menyusun kartu kendali warna putih di
unit kearsipan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tabel 2.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagan proses pengurusan dan pengendalian <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> masuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
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<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">UNIT KEARSIPAN</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">UNIT PENGOLAH</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">PENERIMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 32.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PENGARAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; height: 32.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.0pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PENGENDALI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; height: 32.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.95pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PENYIMPAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; height: 32.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">TATA USAHA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; height: 32.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.8pt;" valign="top" width="80">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PIMPINAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PELAKSANA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sumber:
Pedoman Sub bagian Umum Bapusipda Bandung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">Pengendalian Surat Masuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Unit Kearsipan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima naskah dinas yang
disampaikan oleh pengantar pos telekomunikasi, caraka, dan perorangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Meneliti kebenaran alamat <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas yang salah
alamat segera di kembalikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Membubuhkan paraf, mencantumkan
nama, dan tanggal pada bukti penerimaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mensortir <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas,untuk memisahkan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> – <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang boleh di buka dan tidak boleh di buka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Membuka sampul atau amplop <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> masuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Membubuhkan paraf dan stempel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dari pengarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Membaca atau meneliti <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> untuk menemukan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> yang bersifat
penting dan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
yang bersifat biasa serta untuk menentukan arah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mencantumkan arahan unit
pengolah pada sudut kanan atas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyampaikan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas yang sudah di beri arahan kepada
pengendali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Khusus untuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> rahasia di arahkan oleh pimpinan unit
kearsipan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengendali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima naskah dinas dari
pengarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Meneliti kebenaran arahan kode
klasifikasi, indeks, dan mencatat ke dalam 4 lembar kartu kendali, untuk surat
biasa di catat dalam lembar rangkap dua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyampaikan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas beserta 2 lembnar kartu kendali,
dan dua lembar pengantar untuk <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dinas biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penyimpan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyusun kartu kendali lembar
ke-1 dalam kotak atau laci kendali berdasarkan urutan nomor kode.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyusun kartu kendali lembar
ke-1 dalam kotak atau laci kendali berdasarkan instansi dan menurut ukuran
waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima kartu kendali lembar
ke-3 dari pengendali yang telah dikembalikan dari unit pengolah sebagai alat
pengontrol bahwa <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dinas telah sampai pada unit pengolah dan telah di cek oleh pengendali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyusun kartu kendali lembar
ke-1 dalam kotak atau laci kendali berdasarkan pengelempokan kode klasifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima arsip yang di
kembalikan oleh unit pengolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US">Unit Pengolah Tata Usaha.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas dan kartu kendali lembar ke-3 dan
ke-4 dari pengirim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Meneliti kebenaran pengarahan
dan kelengkapan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city>
dinas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Memaraf kartu kendali lembar
ke-3 dan ke-4 dan mengembalikan kartu kendali lembar ke-3 kepada penyimpan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mempersiapkan 2 kartu disposisi
kemudian mengisinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas beserta 2 kartu disposisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mencatat lokasi arsip dalam
kartu kendali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pimpinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas beserta 2 lembar kartun disposisi
dari tata usaha unit pengolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Meneliti <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas beserta kelengkapannya dan kartu
disposisi yang di sampaikan tata usaha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Membubuhkan kartu disposisi
pada kolom instruksi/informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyampaikan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas berikut 2 kartu disposisi yang
sudah didisposisi/diarahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pelaksana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menerima <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas beserta 2 kartu disposisi dari
tata usaha unit pengolah untuk memproses lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Meneliti <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">surat</st1:place></st1:city> dinas yang di sampaikan tata usaha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Memparaf 2 kartu disposisi
sebagai tanda terima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mengembalikan kartu disposisi
lembar ke-2 kepada tata usaha unit pengolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menyimpan dan menata kartu disposisi lembar ke-2 dari
tata usaha unit pengolah disusun berdasarkan tanggal penyelesaian.</span></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-84844199589648956052012-05-15T21:34:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:34:30.077-07:00MENGANALISIS TENTANG HARDWARE, SOFTWARE DAN TOPOLOGI JARINGAN YANG DIGUNAKAN PADA WARNET A7<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 150%;">MENGANALISIS TENTANG </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 150%;">HARDWARE, SOFTWARE DAN TOPOLOGI JARINGAN YANG
DIGUNAKAN PADA WARNET A7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Oleh<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kelompok 3<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Siti rahma<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Siti aisyah<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Harmonika elviana syam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Meliana<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Niar<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nabila<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SMAN 1 WATAMPONE</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TAHUN PELAJARAN 201</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/20</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 241.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bismillahi Rahmani Rahim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Puji syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas segala
rahmat dan taufik-Nya sehingga karya tulis ilmiah ini dapat terselesaikan tepat
waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam penyususunan makalah ini, penulis memperoleh bimbingan dan
bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu sepatutnyalah penulis menyampaikan
terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bapak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shabiel
Zakaria,S.Pd</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,M.Pd </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai
guru mata pelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TIK</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">telah
mencurahkan perhatian untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penulis
dalam pembuatan makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang tua yang
memeberikan bantuan material dan selalu memberikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 241.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">motivasi
selama penyusunan makalh ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekan-rekan yang telah
berpartisipasi memberikan bantuan dalam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyelesaian
makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
memohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya apabila makalah ini isinya kurang memuaskan,
penilis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan sehingga
penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari semua pihak yang bersifat
membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 241.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhirnya
penulis berharap semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis khususnya dan
pembaca pada umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 54.0pt 241.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 54.0pt 241.5pt right 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Watampone
, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">27</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> j</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uli</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2011</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 54.0pt 241.5pt right 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Penyusun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<td bgcolor="white" height="46" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="64"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 20;">
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<!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 16.3pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify;">
HALAMAN JUDUL i</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 16.3pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">K</span>ATA PENGANTAR i<span lang="EN-US">i</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 16.3pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">D</span>AFTAR ISI iii<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 16.3pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PENDAHULUAN<span lang="EN-US"> 1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Latar Belakang<span lang="EN-US">
1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Masalah<span lang="EN-US">
2</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Tujuan<span lang="EN-US">
2</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Manfaat<span lang="EN-US">
3</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->II.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> PEMBAHASAN<span lang="EN-US">
4</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.2pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hardware yang digunakan <span lang="EN-US"> </span> 4<span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.2pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Software yang digunakan <span lang="EN-US">
7</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.2pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Topologi jaringan yang digunakan <span lang="EN-US"> 12</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 16.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">III PENUTUP 15</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kesimpulan 15</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Saran 16</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA 17</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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strokecolor="white"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
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<b>I <span lang="EN-US">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Perangkat keras komputer</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Inggris: <i>hardware</i>) adalah semua bagian fisik komputer, dan
dibedakan dengan data yang berada di dalamnya atau yang beroperasi di dalamnya,
dan dibedakan dengan perangkat lunak (software) yang menyediakan instruksi
untuk perangkat keras dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Perangkat lunak</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah istilah umum untuk dat</span>a<span lang="EN-US"> yang diformat dan disimpan secara digital,
termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_komputer" title="Program komputer"><span style="color: windowtext;">program komputer</span></a>,
dokumentasinya, dan berbagai informasi yang bisa dibaca dan ditulis oleh
komputer. Dengan kata lain, bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_komputer" title="Sistem komputer"><span style="color: windowtext;">sistem komputer</span></a> yang tidak berwujud.
Istilah ini menonjolkan perbedaan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras"><span style="color: windowtext;">perangkat keras</span></a> computer</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">MASALAH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></li>
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<strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Di dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari,dalam melakukan sesuatu kita tentunya akan mengalami suatu masalah
yang tentunya dengan adanya masalah tersebut penulis dapat menjadikan masalah
tersebut sebagai acuan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Adapun
masalah yang dimaksud oleh penulis adalah:</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Hardware apa yang digunakan ?<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">2.</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Software apa yang digunakan ?<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3. </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Apa jenis topologi jaringan yang digunakan warnet
tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 150%;">C.</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></strong><b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Tujuan penulis dalam membuat makalah ini adalah sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Menambah
dan memperluas pemahaman mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hardware,
software dan topologi.</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"> Agar penulis/siswa dapat mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">manfaat internet bagi kehidupan </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> maupun bagi dirinyaa sendiri.</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Memenuhi
salah satu tugas mata pelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TIK</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
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<!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">MANFAAT<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Adapun manfaat yang ingin dicapai penulis dalam penyusunan makalah ini
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Dapat menambah perbendaharaan literatur perpustakaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Dapat bertanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan tugas,
khususnya tugas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> TIK.</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 58.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Untuk melatih penulis/siswa dalam membuat karya tulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><br />
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z-index:22' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 22;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 560px; position: absolute; top: -103px; width: 54px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="44" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 22;">
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]--><b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">II</span></b><b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong> </strong><strong>HARDWARE-HARDWARE
YANG DIGUNAKAN.</strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Software yang digunakan warnet tersebut antara lain
:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-left: 66.75pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Mouse atau tetikus </span><span lang="EN-US">adalah
alat yang digunakan untuk memasukkan data ke dalam komputer selain papan ketik.
Tetikus memperoleh nama demikian karena kabel yang menjulur berbentuk seperti
ekor tikus</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 66.75pt; text-align: justify;">
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height:173.25pt;z-index:-30;mso-position-horizontal:right;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:center;
mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
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o:title="Foto0352"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="right" height="231" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="246" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Tetikus
pertama kali dibuat pada tahun 1963 oleh Douglas Engelbart berbahan kayu dengan
satu tombol. Model kedua sudah dilengkapi dengan 3 tombol. Pada tahun 1970,
Douglas Engelbart memperkenalkan tetikus yang dapat mengetahui posisi X-Y pada
layar komputer, tetikus ini dikenal dengan nama <i>X-Y Position Indicator</i>
(indikator posisi X-Y).</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 66.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bentuk
tetikus yang paling umum mempunyai dua tombol, masing-masing di sebelah kiri
atas dan kanan atas yang dapat ditekan. Walaupun demikian, komputer-komputer
berbasis Macintosh biasanya menggunakan tetikus satu tombol.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 66.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tetikus
bekerja dengan menangkap gerakan menggunakan bola yang menyentuh permukaan
keras dan rata. Tetikus yang lebih modern sudah tidak menggunakan bola lagi,
tetapi menggunakan sinar optis untuk mendeteksi gerakan. Selain itu, ada pula
yang sudah menggunakan teknologi nirkabel, baik yang berbasis radio, sinar
inframerah, maupun <i>bluetooth</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 66.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat
ini, teknologi terbaru sudah memungkinkan tetikus memakai sistem laser sehingga
resolusinya dapat mencapai 2.000 titik per inci (dpi), bahkan ada yang bisa
mencapai 4.800 titik per inci. Biasanya tetikus model ini diperuntukkan bagi
penggemar permainan video.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo45; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1048"
type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:420.1pt;margin-top:-65.4pt;width:37.95pt;height:30.15pt;
text-indent:0;z-index:23' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 23;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 560px; position: absolute; top: -87px; width: 55px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="44" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="55"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 23;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
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<div class="MsoNormal">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:196.6pt;
margin-top:83.6pt;width:216.95pt;height:169.3pt;z-index:8;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="Foto0356"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="226" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="289" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Papan ketik komputer</span><span lang="EN-US"> merupakan sebuah papan yang terdiri
dari tombol-tombol seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf" title="Huruf"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">huruf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> alfabet (A—Z) untuk mengetikkan kalimat, juga
terdapat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angka" title="Angka"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">angka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> 3, 4, 5, 8, 3, 3 dan lain-lain,
serta simbol-simbol khusus lainnya pada komputer. Dalam komputasi, papan ketik
menggunakan susunan tombol atau kunci, untuk bertindak sebagai tuas mekanis
atau sakelar elektronik.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penciptaan papan ketik komputer diilhami oleh
penciptaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_ketik" title="Mesin ketik"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mesin ketik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang dasar rancangannya dibuat oleh
Christopher Latham tahun 1868 dan banyak dipasarkan pada tahun 1877 oleh
Perusahaan Remington. Papan ketik komputer pertama disesuaikan dari kartu
pelubang (punch card) dan teknologi pengiriman tulisan jarak jauh (Teletype).
Tahun 1946 komputer </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ENIAC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> menggunakan pembaca kartu pembuat lubang
(punched card reader) sebagai alat masukka dan keluaran.Meskipun pengembangan
perangkat input alternatif seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetikus" title="Tetikus"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tetikus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar_sentuh" title="Layar sentuh"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">layar sentuh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, perangkat pena, pengenalan
karakter dan pengenalan suara, perangkat papan ketik tetap yang paling
fleksibel dan paling sering digunakan untuk langsung (manusia) masuk ke
komputer. Papan ketik biasanya memiliki karakter yang diukir atau dicetak di
masing-masing tombol dan tekan tombol biasanya simbol tertulis tunggal. Namun,
untuk menghasilkan beberapa simbol harus menekan dan menahan beberapa tombol
secara bersamaan atau secara berurutan. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sementara tombol papan ketik yang menghasilkan
huruf, angka atau tanda-tanda (karakter), tombol lain atau menekan tombol
secara bersamaan dapat menghasilkan tindakan atau perintah pada komputer. Dalam
penggunaan normal, papan ketik digunakan untuk memasukkan teks dan angka ke
dalam pengolah kata editor, teks atau program lain. Dalam sebuah komputer
modern, penafsiran umumnya tombol kiri untuk perangkat lunak. Sebuah papan
ketik komputer membedakan setiap tombol fisik dari setiap lainnya dan
melaporkan semua penekanan tombol untuk mengontrol perangkat lunak. Papan ketik
juga digunakan untuk permainan komputer, baik dengan papan ketik </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1049" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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text-indent:0;z-index:24;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 24;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 576px; position: absolute; top: -71px; width: 55px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="44" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="55"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 24;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1049">
<div class="MsoNormal">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !mso]--></td>
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</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">biasa
atau papan ketik khusus yang menggunakan fitur game, yang dapat mempercepat
kombinasi tombol yang sering digunakan. Sebuah papan ketik juga digunakan untuk
memberikan perintah ke sistem operasi komputer, seperti Ctrl-Alt-Delete di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, yang menyediakan jendela tugas
menutup komputer. Ini satu-satunya cara untuk memasukkan perintah pada
antarmuka baris perintah.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo45; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:218.75pt;margin-top:128.95pt;width:192.3pt;
height:160.55pt;z-index:9;mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;
mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg"
o:title="Foto0359"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="214" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="256" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Monitor komputer</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah salah satu jenis <i>soft-copy device</i>,
karena keluarannya adalah berupa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal" title="Sinyal"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sinyal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> elektronik, dalam hal ini berupa gambar yang
tampil di layar monitor. Gambar yang tampil adalah hasil pemrosesan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">data</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> ataupun informasi masukan. Monitor
memiliki berbagai ukuran layar seperti layaknya sebuah televisi. Tiap merek dan
ukuran monitor memiliki tingkat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolusi" title="Resolusi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">resolusi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang berbeda. Resolusi ini lah yang
akan menentukan ketajaman gambar yang dapat ditampilkan pada layar monitor.
Jenis-jenis monitor saat ini sudah sangat beragam, mulai dari bentuk yang besar
dengan layar cembung, sampai dengan bentuk yang tipis dengan layar datar (flat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk saat ini monitor komputer
terdiri dari beberapa jenis, di antaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">monitor </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabung_sinar_kathoda" title="Tabung sinar kathoda"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabung sinar kathoda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">monitor </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD" title="LCD"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LCD</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">monitor </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampilan_plasma" title="Tampilan plasma"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">plasma</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">monitor </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED" title="OLED"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">OLED</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1050"
type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:419.75pt;margin-top:-65.7pt;width:37.95pt;height:30.15pt;
text-indent:0;z-index:25' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 25;"><span style="height: 45px; left: 0px; left: 560px; position: absolute; top: -88px; width: 54px;">
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<!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:185.85pt;
margin-top:47.15pt;width:226.7pt;height:187.8pt;z-index:10;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="Foto0367"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="250" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="302" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Pencetak</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah alat
yang menampilkan data dalam bentuk cetakan, baik berupa teks maupun
gambar/grafik, di atas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas">kertas</a>. Pencetak biasanya terbagi atas beberapa bagian, yaitu
penggetil (<i>picker</i>) sebagai alat mengambil kertas dari baki (<i>tray</i>).
Baki ialah tempat menaruh kertas. Tinta atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toner" title="Toner">tinta bubuk</a> (<i>toner</i>)
adalah alat pencetak sesungguhnya, karena ada sesuatu yang disebut tinta atau
tinta bubuk yang digunakan untuk menulis/mencetak pada kertas. Perbedaan tinta
bubuk dan tinta ialah perbedaan sistem; tinta bubuk atau laser butuh pemanasan,
sedangkan tinta atau sembur tinta tak butuh pemanasan, hanya pembersihan pada
hulu pencetak (<i>print-head</i>) tersebut. mencetak di atas kertas, kain,
kaca, film putih, ebonit, dll. Ada pula kabel lentur untuk pengiriman sinyal
dari pengolah pencetak ke tinta atau tinta bubuk. Kabel ini tipis dan lentur,
namun kuat. Pada bagian belakang pencetak biasanya ada colokan sejajar atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> untuk penghubung ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a>.</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pencetak modem merupakan alat canggih. Perkakasan elektronik yang
terdapat dalam sebuah pencetak sama dengan perkakasan elektronik yang terdapat
dalam komputer itu sendiri. Pencetak mempunyai enam jenis yaitu jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dot_matrix&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dot matrix (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Dot-Matrix</i></a>, jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daisy wheel (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Daisy Wheel</i></a>, jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inkjet&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Inkjet (halaman belum tersedia)">Ink-Jet</a> / jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubble_Jet&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bubble Jet (halaman belum tersedia)">Bubble Jet</a>, jenis Chain, jenis
Drum dan jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1051" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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height:30.15pt;text-indent:0;z-index:26' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 26;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 558px; position: absolute; top: -82px; width: 55px;">
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:233.7pt;
margin-top:28.4pt;width:177.3pt;height:195.85pt;z-index:11;
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="Foto0362" croptop="590f" cropbottom="9344f" cropleft="13106f"
cropright="9795f"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="261" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="236" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Unit Pemroses Sentral</span><span lang="EN-US"> (UPS) (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahasa Inggris</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">: CPU, singkatan dari Central
Processing Unit), merujuk kepada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perangkat keras</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">komputer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang memahami dan melaksanakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instruksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Instruksi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perintah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">data</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_komputer" title="Perangkat lunak komputer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perangkat lunak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Istilah lain, pemroses (<i>processor</i>), sering digunakan untuk
menyebut UPS. Adapun mikroprosesor adalah UPS yang diproduksi dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sirkuit terpadu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, seringkali dalam sebuah paket </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sirkuit terpadu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">-tunggal. Sejak pertengahan tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970-an" title="1970-an"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1970-an</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, mikroprosesor </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sirkuit terpadu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">-tunggal ini telah umum digunakan dan menjadi aspek penting dalam penerapan
UPS</span>.<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo45; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Pengeras suara</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahasa Inggris</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">: <i>loud speaker</i> atau <i>speaker</i>)
adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduser" title="Transduser"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">transduser</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang mengubah sinyal elektrik ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi_audio" title="Frekuensi audio"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">frekuensi audio</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (suara) dengan cara menggetarkan komponennya yang berbentuk selaput.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="270" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="266" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Dalam setiap sistem penghasil suara,
penentuan kualitas suara terbaik tergantung dari speaker. Rekaman yang terbaik, dikodekan ke dalam alat penyimpanan
yang berkualitas tinggi, dan dimainkan dengan deck dan pengeras suara kelas
atas, tetap saja hasilnya suaranya akan jelek bila dikaitkan dengan speaker
yang kualitasnya rendah. Sistem pada speaker adalah suatu komponen yang membawa
sinyal elektronik, menyimpannya dalam CDs,
tapes, dan DVDs, lalu mengembalikannya lagi ke
dalam bentuk suara aktual yang dapat kita dengar. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Dalam artikel ini, akan dijelaskan bagaimana
sebuah speaker melakukan proses tersebut. Selain itu juga akan dibahas mengapa
speaker dirancang berbeda-beda dan bagaimana perbedaan tersebut menimbulkan
efek yang berbeda pula terhadap kualitasnya. Speaker adalah sebuah teknologi
menakjubkan yang memberikan dampak yang sangat besar terhadap budaya kita.
Namun disamping semua itu, sebenarnya speaker hanyalah sebuah alat yang sangat
sederhana.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:203.4pt;margin-top:144.95pt;width:210.15pt;
height:163.45pt;z-index:13;mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;
mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg"
o:title="Foto0371"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="218" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="280" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Modem</span><span lang="EN-US"> berasal dari singkatan MOdulator
DEModulator. Modulator merupakan
bagian yang mengubah sinyal informasi kedalam sinyal pembawa (<i>carrier</i>)
dan siap untuk dikirimkan, sedangkan Demodulator adalah bagian yang memisahkan
sinyal informasi (yang berisi data atau pesan) dari sinyal pembawa yang
diterima sehingga informasi tersebut dapat diterima dengan baik. Modem
merupakan penggabungan kedua-duanya, artinya modem adalah alat komunikasi dua
arah. Setiap perangkat komunikasi jarak jauh dua-arah umumnya menggunakan
bagian yang disebut "modem", seperti VSAT, Microwave Radio, dan lain
sebagainya, namun umumnya istilah modem lebih dikenal sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perangkat keras</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang sering digunakan untuk komunikasi pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">komputer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Data dari komputer yang berbentuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sinyal digital (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sinyal digital</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> diberikan kepada modem untuk diubah menjadi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_analog" title="Sinyal analog"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sinyal
analog</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.
Sinyal analog tersebut dapat dikirimkan melalui beberapa media telekomunikasi
seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">telepon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">radio</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Setibanya di modem tujuan, sinyal analog
tersebut diubah menjadi sinyal digital kembali dan dikirimkan kepada komputer.
Terdapat dua jenis modem secara fisiknya, yaitu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_eksternal" title="Modem eksternal"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">modem eksternal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modem_internal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Modem internal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">modem internal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]-->Adapula jenis-jenis modem yaitu :<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo47; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modem_3GP&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Modem 3GP (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem 3GP</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modem_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Modem GSM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem GSM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modem_analog&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Modem analog (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem analog</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yaitu modem yang mengubah sinyal analog
menjadi sinyal digital<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_ADSL" title="Modem ADSL"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem ADSL</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo47; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Modem teknologi ADSL (Asymetric
Digital Subscribe Line) yang memungkinkan berselancar internet dan menggunakan
telepon analog secara berbarengan. Caranya sangat mudah, untuk ADSL diberikan
sebuah alat yang disebut sebagai Splitter atau pembagi line. Posisi Splitter
ditempatkan di depan ketika line telepon masuk. Artinya anda tidak boleh
mencabangkan line modem untuk ADSL dengan suara secara langsung. Alat Splitter
berguna untuk menghilangkan gangguan ketika anda sedang menggunakan ADSL modem.
Dengan Splitter keduanya dapat berjalan bersamaan, sehingga pengguna dapat
menjawab dan menelpon seseorang dengan telepon biasa. Di sisi lain, pengguna
tetap dapat terkoneksi dengan internet melalui ADSL modem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_kabel" title="Modem kabel"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem kabel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yaitu modem yang menerima data
langsung dari penyedia layanan lewat TV Kabel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modem_CDMA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Modem CDMA (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modem CDMA</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="212" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="252" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Hub</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah sebuah perangkat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_komputer" title="Jaringan komputer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jaringan komputer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan
peralatan-peralatan dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ethernet</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BaseT" title="10BaseT"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10BaseT</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">serat optik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> sehingga menjadikannya dalam satu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segmen_jaringan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Segmen jaringan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">segmen jaringan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Hub bekerja pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fisik" title="Lapisan fisik"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lapisan fisik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>layer 1</i>) pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">model OSI</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
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type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="261" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="257" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Headset</span><span lang="EN-US">
adalah gabungan antara headphone dan mikrofon. Alat ini biasanya digunakan
untuk mendengarkan suara dan berbicara dengan perangkat komunikasi atau
komputer, misalnya untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP" title="VoIP">VoIP</a>. Teknologi headset sudah merambah ke dunia komunikasi,
khususnya teknologi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular" title="Telepon selular">telepon selular</a>.</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Headset
diciptakan pertama kali pada tahun 1910 oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Baldwin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nathaniel Baldwin (halaman belum tersedia)">Nathaniel Baldwin</a>,
mahasiswa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Stanford">Universitas
Stanford</a>. Namun penemuannya ini tidak langsung menjadi perhatian publik,
karena seperti layaknya penemu-penemu pada zaman itu, Baldwin tidak berminat
untuk memproduksi temuannya secara massal.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>SOFTWARE-SOFTWARE
YANG DIGUNAKAN.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Software yang digunakan warnet tersebut antara
lain :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Mozilla Firefox</span><span lang="EN-US"> (aslinya bernama Phoenix dan kemudian untuk sesaat dikenal sebagai Mozilla Firebird) adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_web" title="Browser web"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penjelajah
web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antar-platform" title="Antar-platform"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">antar-platform</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> gratis yang dikembangkan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayasan_Mozilla" title="Yayasan Mozilla"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yayasan Mozilla</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan ratusan sukarelawan. Versi 3.0 dirilis pada 17 Juni 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sebelum rilis versi 1.0-nya pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_November" title="9 November"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9 November</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2004</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, Firefox telah mendapatkan sambutan yang
sangat bagus dari pihak media, termasuk dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Forbes</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wall Street Journal</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Dengan lebih dari
5 juta <i>download</i> dalam 12 hari pertama rilisnya dan 6 juta hingga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_November" title="24 November"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">24
November</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2004</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, Firefox 1.0 adalah salah satu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_gratis" title="Perangkat lunak gratis"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perangkat lunak gratis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumber-terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sumber-terbuka (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sumber-terbuka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>open-source</i>) yang paling banyak
digunakan di antara pengguna rumahan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o:title="Foto0375" croptop="5954f" cropbottom="5754f" cropleft="2472f"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="218" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="278" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Melalui Firefox, Yayasan Mozilla
betujuan untuk mengembangkan sebuah <i>browser</i> web yang kecil, cepat,
simpel, dan sangat bisa dikembangkan (terpisah dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mozilla</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> Suite yang lebih besar). Firefox
telah menjadi fokus utama perkembangan Mozilla bersama dengan <i>client</i>
e-mail </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mozilla Thunderbird</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, dan telah menggantikan Mozilla Suite sebagai rilis <i>browser</i> resmi
Yayasan Mozilla.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">Di antara fitur populer Firefox adalah
pemblokir </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up" title="Pop-up"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pop-up</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang sudah terpasang di dalamnya,
dan sebuah mekanisme pengembangan (<i>extension</i>) untuk menambah
fungsionalitas tambahan. Meskipun fitur-fitur ini sudah tersedia untuk beberapa
lamanya di <i>browser-browser</i> lainnya seperti Mozilla Suite dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_%28browser%29" title="Opera (browser)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Opera</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,
Firefox merupakan <i>browser</i> pertama yang mendapatkan penerimaan dalam
skala sebesar ini. Firefox ditargetkan untuk mendapat sekitar 10% pangsa pasar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internet Explorer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> keluaran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microsoft</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>browser</i> paling populer
dengan <i>margin</i> yang besar (per 2004) hingga tahun 2005, yang telah
disebut oleh banyak orang sebagai tahun kembalinya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_browser" title="Perang browser"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perang browser</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Firefox telah mendapatkan perhatian sebagai
alternatif kepada Internet Explorer sejak Explorer dikecam karena tuduhan
ketidakamanannya—pihak yang setuju terhadap anggapan ini mengatakan Explorer
tidak mengikuti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standar_Web&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Standar Web (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">standar Web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, menggunakan komponen </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ActiveX&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ActiveX (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ActiveX</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang sering membahayakan, dan kelemahannya
terhadap pemasangan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">spyware</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">malware</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US">—dan kurangnya fitur-fitur yang dianggap
pemakai Firefox penting. Microsoft sendiri telah merespons bahwa mereka tidak
menganggap jika isu-isu mengenai keamanan dan fitur Explorer perlu
dikhawatirkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Versi 2.0 diluncurkan pada 24 Oktober 2006.
Pada versi 2.0 ini, Mozilla mempunyai bug (kelemahan) yaitu akan <i>"crash"</i>
jika membuka <i>web page</i> (halaman Web) yang sangat besar dan memiliki <i>JavaScript</i>,
namun hal ini telah diperbaiki. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo47; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1056" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:416.55pt;margin-top:-77.4pt;width:37.95pt;
height:30.15pt;text-indent:0;z-index:31' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 31;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 555px; position: absolute; top: -103px; width: 55px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="44" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="55"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 31;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1056">
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13<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Safari</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramban_web" title="Peramban web"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">peramban
web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> buatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc."><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apple Inc.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang awalnya ditujukan khusus bagi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem operasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sistem
operasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mac OS</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Safari dipasang bersama Mac OS X
dan merupakan peramban web bawaan di sistem operasi tersebut sejak Mac OS X
v10.3. Sebelumnya dari tahun 1997 hingga 2003, Mac OS X menggunakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Explorer_for_Mac&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Internet Explorer for Mac (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internet Explorer for Mac</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> sebagai penjelajah web bawaan. Pada
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Juni" title="11 Juni"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11 Juni</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2007</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, versi pratayang untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">
baik yang cocok untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows XP</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows Vista</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dari Safari diperkenalkan pada
Muktamar Pengembang Sedunia Apple di San Francisco.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Safari memberikan fitur yang hampir
umum yang dimiliki oleh penjelajah web lainnya seperti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penrambanan melalui tab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengaturan markah buku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Boks pencarian web yang dapat diatur ukurannya pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toolbar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Toolbar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">toolbar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> baik yang menggunakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Google</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac" title="Mac"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mac</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> atau Google atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yahoo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> pada Windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penghalang <i>Pop-up ad</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pencari <i>history</i> dan markah buku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pencari teks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksa ejaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kotak teks yang dapat diperluas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pengisian otomatis pada bentuk web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dilengkapi dengan DOM yang bertindak sebagai inspektur yang memungkinkan
pengguna dan pengembang menjelajahi <i>Document Object Model</i> dari suatu
halaman web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menggunakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CSS</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> 3 web font<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menggunakan animasi CSS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menggunakan protokol ptoteksi keamanan layar (versi yang tidak
diketahui)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Bookmark yang telah terintegrasi dengan buku alamat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Warna </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC" title="ICC"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ICC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang mendukung tampilan profil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Memungkinkan untuk melihat versi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PDF</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Terintergrasi dengan pengaturan foto </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">iPhoto</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Penggabungan surat internet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kemampuan untuk menyimpan halaman web yang telah disimpan pada <i>Apple
Dashboard</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo48; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Menjelajah web secara pribadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1057"
type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:428.55pt;margin-top:-65.4pt;width:37.95pt;height:30.15pt;
z-index:32' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 32;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 571px; position: absolute; top: -87px; width: 55px;">
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<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span> <span lang="EN-US">Pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mac OS</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, Safari merupakan aplikasi <i>Cocoa</i>
yang menggunakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webkit_Apple&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Webkit Apple (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Webkit Apple</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> untuk mengaplikasikan halaman dan memproses </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">JavaScript</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">WebKit</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> terdiri dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebCore&action=edit&redlink=1" title="WebCore (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">webCore</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (berbasis mesin KHTML dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konqueror</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">) dan JavaScript (berbasis pada
mesin JavaScript dari KDE yaitu KJS). Sama halnya dengan KHTML dan KJS, Webcore
dan JavaScript memiliki perangkat lunak gratis dan dirilis dibawah ketentuan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GNU Lesser General Public License</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Beberapa perkembangan Apple kepada
kode KHTML kembali digabungkan kedalam proyek Konqueror. Apple juga merilis
kode tambahan dibawah sebuah sumber terbuka <i>BSD-like license</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1042"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:218.35pt;margin-top:200.95pt;width:192pt;height:154.7pt;z-index:17;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg"
o:title="Foto0374" croptop="8424f" cropbottom="5553f" cropleft="4476f"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="206" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="256" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Google Chrome</span><span lang="EN-US"> adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramban_web" title="Peramban web">peramban web</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_terbuka" title="Sumber terbuka">sumber
terbuka</a> yang dikembangkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> dengan menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">mesin <i>rendering</i>
WebKit</a>. Proyek sumber terbukanya sendiri dinamakan <i>Chromium</i>. </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Versi beta untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft
Windows</a> diluncurkan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_September" title="2 September">2 September</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> dalam 43 bahasa. Versi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> sudah dirilis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Opera memulai
sebuah proyek penelitian pada 1994 pada perusahaan telekomunikasi milik
Norwegia, Telenor. Dalam satu tahun, dikembangkan secara mandiri menjadi sebuah
perusahaan bernama Opera Software.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hari ini, Opera Software mengembangkan browser Web Opera, sebuah
produk dengan kualitas tinggi yang dapat digunakan untuk banyak platform,
sistem operasi - termasuk untuk komputer Mac, PC dan Linux, ponsel, PDA, dan
konsol game serta perangkat-perangkat lainnya seperti Nintendo Wii dan DS, Sony
Mylo dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Visi Opera adalah untuk memberikan pengalaman penjelajahan Internet
terbaik pada perangkat apapun. Tujuan dari kunci bisnis Opera adalah untuk
menjadi pemimpin global untuk pasar PC/dekstop dan produk embedded. Strategi
bisnis utama Opera adalah untuk menyediakan sebuah browser yang dapat
beroperasi lintas perangkat, platform dan sistem operasi, serta dapat
menyampaikan dengan lebih cepat, lebih stabil dan dengan pengalaman
penjelajahan Internet yang lebih fleksibel daripada pesaingnya</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1058"
type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:429.85pt;margin-top:-139.8pt;width:37.95pt;height:30.15pt;
text-indent:0;z-index:33' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 33;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 573px; position: absolute; top: -186px; width: 55px;">
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:185.85pt;
margin-top:106.5pt;width:226.7pt;height:168.3pt;z-index:18;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg"
o:title="Foto0376" croptop="3705f" cropbottom="6989f" cropleft="1236f"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="224" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="302" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Flock</span><span lang="EN-US">
adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjelajah_web" title="Penjelajah web">penjelajah web</a> yang berspesialisasi pada penyediaan
fitur jaringan sosial dan fitur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> lain pada tampilan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarmuka" title="Antarmuka">antarmukanya</a>.
Browser ini dibuat menggunakan <i>codebase</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla
Firefox</a></span>.<span lang="EN-US">
Pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Juni" title="16 Juni">16
Juni</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>, Flock
2 yang menggunakan Mozilla Firefox 3 sebagai basisnya, diluncurkan dengan
status <i>open beta</i>. </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Flock dapat diunduh secara gratis, dan mendukung platform <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft
Windows</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X">Mac
OS X</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo47; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Windows Internet Explorer</span><span lang="EN-US"> (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Microsoft Internet Explorer, disingkat
IE atau MSIE) adalah sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramban_web" title="Peramban web"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">peramban web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_tak_bebas" title="Perangkat lunak tak bebas"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perangkat lunak tak bebas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang gratis dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microsoft</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, dan disertakan dalam setiap rilis </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_operasi" title="Sistem operasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sistem
operasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microsoft Windows</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> sejak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1995</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Pada mulanya, Internet Explorer
dirilis sebagai bagian dari paket </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Plus%21" title="en:Microsoft Plus!"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Plus! for Windows 95</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Inggris)</span><span lang="EN-US"> pada saat itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Internet Explorer digunakan secara luas sejak
tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1999</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, meliputi 95% dari keseluruhan
penggunaan penjelajah web selama tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2002</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> hingga tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2003</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> dengan Internet Explorer 5 dan Internet
Explorer 6. Lama kelamaan, ia kehilangan pangsa pasar sejak terlibat dengan
kompetisi penjelajah web, dan kini meliputi 55,92%. Microsoft telah
menghabiskan dana hingga 100 juta dolar per tahun untuk mengembangkan Internet
Explorer di tahun 1990an, dengan 1.000 orang yang bekerja di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sejak rilis pertamanya, Microsoft telah
menambahkan fitur dan teknologi seperti penampilan tabel dasar (di versi 1.5), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="en:XMLHttpRequest"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">XMLHttpRequest</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Inggris)</span><span lang="EN-US"> (di versi 5) yang membantu pembuatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaman_web" title="Halaman web"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">halaman web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="en:Internationalized domain name"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nama Domain yang Terinternasionalisasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> (di versi 7) yang memungkinkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_web" title="Situs web"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">situs web</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> yang menggunakan alamat berkarakter
non-Latin (seperti karakter Kanji) diketikkan secara normal pada <i>address bar</i>
Internet Explorer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1059" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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text-indent:0;z-index:34' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 34;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 573px; position: absolute; top: -177px; width: 55px;">
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<td bgcolor="white" height="44" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="55"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 34;">
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16<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Rilis
stabil Internet Explorer paling baru adalah Internet Explorer 9, yang tersedia
sebagai pembaharuan gratis bagi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows 7</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows Vista</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, dan Windows Server 2008.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Proyek Internet Explorer telah dimulai sejak
musim panas tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" title="1994"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1994</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> oleh Thomas Reardon menggunakan kode sumber
dari Spyglass, Inc. Mosaic, sebuah penjelajah web komersil baru. Di akhir 1994,
Microsoft melisensikan Spyglass Mosaic.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>JENIS
TOPOLOGI JARINGAN YANG DIGUNAKAN.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Adapun jenis topologi jaringan yang digunakan
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_s1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:253pt;margin-top:345.85pt;width:153.75pt;
height:183.9pt;z-index:19;visibility:visible;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="245" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="205" /><!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Topologi Tree pada dasarnya
merupakan bentuk yang lebih luas dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://cangkruk.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=241:topologi-star&catid=55:komunikasi-data&Itemid=178" title="Topologi Star"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
Star</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">.
Seperti halnya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://cangkruk.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=241:topologi-star&catid=55:komunikasi-data&Itemid=178" title="Topologi Star"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
Star</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,
perangkat (<i>node, device</i>) yang ada pada topologi tree juga terhubung
kepada sebuah pusat pengendali (central HUB) yang berfungsi mengatur traffic di
dalam jaringan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Meskipun demikian, tidak semua
perangkat pada topologi tree terhubung secara langsung ke central HUB. Sebagian
perangkat memang terhubung secara langsung ke central HUB, tetapi sebagian
lainnya terhubung melalui secondary HUB (lihat gambar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada topologi tree terdapat dua atau lebih HUB yang digunakan untuk
menghubungkan setiap perangkat ke dalam jaringan. Keseluruhan HUB tersebut
berdasarkan fungsinya terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu Active HUB dan Passive
HUB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Active HUB berfungsi tidak hanya sekedar sebagai penerus sinyal data dari
satu komputer ke komputer lainnya, tetapi juga memiliki fungsi sebagai <i>Repeater</i>.
Sinyal data yang dikirimkan dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya memiliki
keterbatasan dalam hal jarak, setelah berjalan sekian meter maka sinyal
tersebut akan melemah. Dengan adanya fungsi <i>Repeater </i>ini maka sinyal
data tersebut akan di-<i>generate </i>kembali sebelum kemudian diteruskan ke
komputer yang dituju, sehingga jarak tempuh sinyal data pun bisa menjadi lebih
jauh dari yang biasanya. Sedangkan Passive HUB hanya berfungsi sebagai penerus
sinyal data dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
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17<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">Pada topologi tree, seperti pada gambar,
Central HUB adalah selalu sebagai Active HUB sedangkan Secondary HUB adalah
Passive HUB. Tetapi pada pelaksanaannya, Secondary HUB bisa juga sebagai Active
HUB apabila digunakan untuk menguatkan kembali sinyal data melalui secondary
HUB lainnya yang terhubung.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Karena pada dasarnya topologi ini merupakan bentuk yang lebih luas dari
topologi star, maka kelebihan dan kekurangannya pada topologi star juga
dimiliki oleh topologi tree. Perbedaannya adalah HUB dan kabel yang digunakan
menjadi lebih banyak sehingga diperlukan perencanaan yang matang dalam
pengaturannya dengan mempertimbangkan segala hal yang terkait, termasuk di
dalamnya adalah tata letak ruangan. Meskipun demikian, topologi ini memiliki
keunggulan lebih mampu menjangkau jarak yang lebih jauh dengan mengaktifkan
fungsi Repeater yang dimiliki oleh HUB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
b. Alasan menggunakan topologi tersebut karena
hemat kabel jaringan.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 31.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">III </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">A</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">.KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Berdasarkan pembahasan masalah yang
telah dikemukakan pada bagian sebelumnya, maka penulis merumuskan beberapa
kesimpulan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Hardware yang
digunakan oleh warnet tersebut antara lain: mouse,keyboard,monitor,print,CPU,modem,HUB,headset,dan
speaker.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Software yang
digunakan warnet tersebut antara lain : <span lang="EN-US">Mozilla Firefox</span>,
<span lang="EN-US">Safari</span>, <span lang="EN-US">Google Chrome</span>, <span lang="EN-US">Opera</span>, <span lang="EN-US">Flock</span>, dan <span lang="EN-US">Windows
Internet Explorer</span>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Topologi yang
digunakan yaitu topologi tree dan alasan menggunakan jaringan tersebut karena dapat
menghemat kabel jaringan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level8 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt 216.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Dengan adanya makalah ini, penulis mengemukakan saran
antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Agar
penulis lebih memperdalam pengetahuan mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hardware, software <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan topologi jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: -78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Diharapkan kepada Guru Mata Pelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TIK</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">,
agar menjelaskan secara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">mendetail mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hardware,
software dan topologi jaringan. </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;">Hendaknya
pihak sekolah senantiasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> menambah</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"> literatur mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hardware,
software dan topologi jaringan.</span><span lang="AF" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: AF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetikus"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Tetikus</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_ketik"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Papan_ketik</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_komputer"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Monitor_komputer</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencetak"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Pencetak</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Pemroses_Sentral"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Unit_Pemroses_Sentral</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeras_suara"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Pengeras_suara</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Modem</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Mozilla_Firefox</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_%28peramban_web%29"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Safari</i>_%28peramban_web%29</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://in.opera.com/company/"><span style="color: black;">http://in.<i>opera</i>.com/company/</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flock"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Flock</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/<i>Internet_Explorer</i></span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/search?q=tentang+topollogi+tree&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:id:official&client=firefox-a"><span style="color: black;">http://www.google.co.id/search?q=<i>tentang+topollogi+tree</i>&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:id:official&client=firefox-a</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-17737656008478961302012-05-15T21:29:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:29:31.338-07:00macam-macam jaringan komputer<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/macam-macam-jaringan-komputer/" title="Tautan Tetap ke Macam macam Jaringan Komputer"><span style="color: blue;">Macam macam Jaringan Komputer</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filed under: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/category/informasi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Informasi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Informasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/category/tutorial/networking/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Networking"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Networking</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/category/informasi/teknologi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Teknologi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknologi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/category/tutorial/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Tutorial"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tutorial</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
by Administrator — </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/macam-macam-jaringan-komputer/#comments" title="Komentar pada Macam macam Jaringan Komputer"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 Komentar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desember 10,
2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/macam-macam-jaringan-komputer/"><span lang="DE-LU" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Macam
macam Jaringan Komputer</span></a></span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ditentukan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Berdasarkan skala :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span lang="DE-LU" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Local Area Network (LAN)</span></a></span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: suatu jaringan komputer yang
menghubungkan suatu komputer dengan komputer lain dengan jarak yang
terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span lang="DE-LU" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metropolitant Area Network (MAN):</span></a></span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
prinsip sama dengan LAN, hanya saja jaraknya lebih luas, yaitu 10-50 km.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wide Area Network (WAN):</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> jaraknya
antar kota, negara, dan benua. ini sama
dengan internet.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Berdasarkan fungsi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Client-server</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu jaringan komputer dengan
komputer yang didedikasikan khusus sebagai server. Sebuah service/layanan bisa
diberikan oleh sebuah komputer atau lebih. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya adalah sebuah domain seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://detik.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.detik.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dilayani oleh banyak komputer
web server. Atau bisa juga banyak service/layanan yang diberikan oleh satu
komputer. Contohnya adalah server dengan multi service yaitu mail server, web
server, file server, database server dan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peer-to-peer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yaitu jaringan komputer dimana setiap host dapat menjadi
server dan juga menjadi client secara bersamaan. Contohnya dalam file sharing
antar komputer di Jaringan Windows Network Neighbourhood ada
5 komputer (kita beri nama A,B,C,D dan E) yang memberi hak akses terhadap
file yang dimilikinya. Pada satu saat A mengakses file share dari B bernama
data.xls dan juga memberi akses file network.doc kepada C. Saat A mengakses
file dari B maka A berfungsi sebagai client dan saat A memberi akses file
kepada C maka A berfungsi sebagai server. Kedua fungsi itu dilakukan oleh A
secara bersamaan maka jaringan seperti ini dinamakan peer to peer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Berdasarkan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span lang="DE-LU" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU;">topologi jaringan</span></a></span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, jaringan
komputer dapat dibedakan atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi bus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi bintang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi cincin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi mesh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi pohon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi linier</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan kriterianya, jaringan komputer dibedakan menjadi 4 yaitu:</span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan distribusi sumber
informasi/data <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan terpusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan ini terdiri dari komputer
klient dan server yang mana komputer klient yang berfungsi sebagai perantara
untuk mengakses sumber informasi/data yang berasal dari satu komputer server<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan terdistribusi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan perpaduan beberapa
jaringan terpusat sehingga terdapat beberapa komputer server yang saling
berhubungan dengan klient membentuk sistem jaringan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
jangkauan geografis dibedakan menjadi: <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan LAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan jaringan yang menghubungkan 2 komputer atau
lebih dalam cakupan seperti laboratorium, kantor, serta dalam
1warnet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan MAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan jaringan yang mencakup satu kota besar beserta
daerah setempat. Contohnya jaringan telepon lokal, sistem telepon seluler,
serta jaringan relay beberapa ISP internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan WAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan jaringan dengan cakupan
seluruh dunia. Contohnya jaringan PT Telkom, PT. Indosat, serta
jaringan GSM Seluler seperti Satelindo, Telkomsel, dan masih banyak lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
peranan dan hubungan tiap komputer dalam memproses data. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan Client-Server</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada jaringan ini terdapat 1 atau
beberapa komputer server dan komputer client. Komputer yang akan menjadi
komputer server maupun menjadi komputer client dan diubah-ubah melalui software
jaringan pada protokolnya. Komputer client sebagai perantara untuk dapat
mengakses data pada komputer server sedangkan komputer server menyediakan
informasi yang diperlukan oleh komputer client.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aringan Peer-to-peer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada jaringan ini tidak ada komputer client maupun komputer
server karena semua komputer dapat melakukan pengiriman maupun penerimaan
informasi sehingga semua komputer berfungsi sebagai client sekaligus sebagai
server.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan media transmisi
data <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan Berkabel (Wired Network)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada jaringan ini, untuk menghubungkan
satu komputer dengan komputer lain diperlukan penghubung berupa kabel
jaringan. Kabel jaringan berfungsi dalam mengirim informasi dalam
bentuk sinyal listrik antar komputer jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hendryhealthy.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/#/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan Nirkabel(WI-FI)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan jaringan dengan medium
berupa gelombang elektromagnetik. Pada jaringan ini tidak diperlukan kabel
untuk menghubungkan antar komputer karena menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik
yang akan mengirimkan sinyal informasi antar komputer jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TOPOLOGI JARINGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh iksan35</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk
jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
digunakan akan sangat menentukan dalam pembuatan atau pendesainan hubungan
antara sejumlah node atau sentral untuk membentuk suatu sistem jaringan
komputer. Topologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Topologi
Jaringan Mesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
topologi jaringan mesh, semua komputer yang terhubung adalah sentral atau node.
Setiap komputer sentral ini terhubung secara penuh. Setiap komputer harus
menyediakan jumlah saluran yang dibutuhkan oleh komputer sentral tainnya dengan
jumlah saluran yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap komputer dihitung dengan rumus
jumlah sentral dikurang 1(n-1, n=jumlah sentral). Kelemahan topologi jaringan
ini adalah kurang ekonomis karena relatif mahal dalam pengoperasiannya. Semakin
banyak jumlah sentral, maka tingkat kerumitan dalam saluran semakin tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 . <i>TopologiJaringan Star</i></span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi
jaringan star hanya memifiki satu komputer sebagai sentral. Setiap komputer
jaringan dihubungkan ke komputer server langsung atau melalui hubungan dengan
tingkat kerumitan lebih ringan dibandingkan mesh. Keunggulannya adalah
penambahan jumlah saluran hanya dilakukan oleh satu komputer saja sebagai
sentral dengan menggunakan hub, dapat meningkatkan unjuk kerja jaringan,
dan memiliki bandwidth atau iebar jalur komunikasi yang lancar karena
setiap komputer mempunyai kabet sendiri dan bila terjadi gangguan
pada salah satu kabel, maka workstation yang bersangkutan saja yang mengalami
gangguan dengan server. Pada penambahan komputer sentral berarti penambahan
pada setiap komputer sentral. Kelemahan sistem ini membuat komputer sentral
memiliki beban yang cukup berat yang memungkinkan terjadi kerusakan atau
gangguan pada komputer sentrah Selain itu, jaringan jenis ini membutuhkan
banyak kabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Topologi
Jaringan Bus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam topotogi
jaringan bus, komputer yang berfungsi sebagai server dan workstation
dihubungkan oleh kabel tungggal atau kabel pusat. Keunggulannya adatah mudah
dalam menambah workstation baru tanpa mengganggu workstation lain. Kelemahannya
bila terjadi gangguan kabet pusat, maka seluruh jaringan dalam workstation akan
terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Topologi
Jaringan Ring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
jaringan ring, komputer sentrat dihubungkan dengan komputer sentral lainnya
atau workstation lainnya sehingga rnembentuk lingkaran jaringan. Dalam proses informasi,
setiap server dan workstation akan menerima dan melewati satu komputer ke
komputer lain. Informasi hanya diterima bila sesuai dengan alamat server
atau workstation dan bila tidak sesuai alamat server atau workstation,
informasi akan ditewatkan. Keunggutannya, pada topologi Ring tidak akan terjadi
tabrakan data karena hanya satu node yang dapat mengirimkan data pada satu saat
pengiriman. Kelemahannya setiap node akan menerima informasi dan mengelolanya
untuk selanjutnya diterima atau dilewatkan, sehingga bila terjadi gangguan pada
salah satu node, maka seluruh jaringan akan terganggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Topologi
Jaringan Tree<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Topologi
jaringan ini disebut juga dengan jaringan pohon atau jaringan bertingkat.
Topologi jenis ini digunakan untuk interkoneksi antar sentral dengan tingkat
atau hirarki yang berbeda. Topologi jaringan ini paling umum digunakan karena
memiliki kehandalan, yaitu jika salah satu kabel putus pada workstation atau
client, tidak akan mempengaruhi hubungan workstation atau client lainnya.
Selain itu, topologi ini memiliki kemudahan dalam instalasi dan pemeliharaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknologi
jaringan yang menghubungkan beberapa komputer baik dalam area kecil maupun
besar mempunyai aturan-aturan baku atau prinsip-prinsip baku dalam komunikasi
data. beberapa komputer baik dalarn area kecil maupun besar mempunyai
aturan-aturan baku atau prinsip¬prinsip baku calam komunikasi data- Komunikasi
merupakan proses penyampaian pesan dari seseorang kepada orang lain hingga
teqadi pengertian yang sama. Untuk mencapai pengertian yang sama ini
digunakan bahasa yang dimengerti. Dalam komunikasi data jaringan dibutuhkan
penerjerjemah (interpreter) yang disebut dengan protokol. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISO {International Standard
Organization} membuat aturan baku sebagai prinsip komunikasi data dengan nama model
referensi OSI (Open System Interconnection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan adanya model OSI ini, semua
vendor perangkat telekomunikasi memitiki pedoman dalam mengembangkan
protokolnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model OSI terdiri dari 7
lapisan, yaitu empat lapisan fisik berorientasi pada jaringan dan tiga lapisan
berorientasi pada pernakail aplikasi. Empat lapisan pertama OSI berfungsi untuk
rnembawa data tanpa cacat antara dua lokasi. Tiga lapisan berikutnya merupakan
nilai tambah dari OSI. Berikut ini uraian tujuh lapisan OSI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Lapisan
fsik berupa kabel listrik beserta rumusan besaran elektrik lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Lapisan
link data berupa lapisan yang mengatur arus bit antar-peralatan komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Lapisan laringan berupa lapisan
yang membawa paket bit ke tujuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Lapisan
transport yang menjamin transportasi data antar-mesin komputer tanpa
memper¬masalahkan jenis jaringan. Data yang diatur metiputi metode akses sebuah
jaringan topologi fisik, tipe kabel, dan kecepatan transfer data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Lapisan
sesi yang menangani persiapan, pengelolaan, dan pemutusan antar-aplikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Lapisan
presentasi yang manangani pengubahan representasi data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Lapisan
aplikasi yang menangani pengaksesan pemakai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
komunikasi data memerlukan protokol sebagai saluran yang mengatur komunikasi di
antara beberapa komputer dalam sebuah jaringan_ Protokol yang terdapat daiam
jaringan komputer fisik adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ethemet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protokol ini
paling banyak digunakan dalam sistern jaringan Ethernetmenggunakanmetade akses
yang disebut dengan CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)
dalam mengkomunikasikan data. Ethernet bekerja dengan memperhatikan kabel dalam
network atau jarirrgan sebelum dilakukan transformasi atau transmisi
data. Bila dalam kabel jaringan tidak terdapat aktivitas, maka kornputer
akan mentransmisikan data. Bila dalam kabel terdapat aktivitas transmisi data
lain. maka kamputer akan menunggu dan mencoba kembaii mentransmisi data jika
kabel jaringan telah bersih dari transmisi data komputer lain. Bila terdapat
beberapa kornputer yang melakukan pengiriman data secara bersamaan, maka
masing-masinq kornputer akan mundur dan menunggu secara acak untuk
mentransmisikan data kernbali, yang disebutcara kolisi (collision). Penggunaan
protokol Ethernet dapat digunakan pada topoLogi }aringan Garis Lurus, Star, dan
Tree. Transrnisi data dengan kecepatan 10 Mbps dapat melalui kabel twisted
pair, koaksial, atau serat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Localtalk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Localtalk
merupakan protokol jaringan dengan menggunakan metode akses yang disebut
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)- Untuk
menghubungkan kamputer ini, dapat melewati port serial dengan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menggunakan adapter localtalk dan
kabel twisted pair. Localtalk pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Apple Computer
Inc. untuk komputer dengan mesin Macintosh yang memungkinkan koneksi dalam
jaringan secara peer-to-peer tanpa rnembutuhkan tambahan aplikasi khusus.
Kecepatan transmisinya hanya 230 Kbps yang merupakan kelemahan Localtalk.
Protokol localtalk dapat digunakan pada topologi jaringan garis Lurus, Star,
atau Tree dengan menqgunakan kabel twisted pair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode akses protokol Token adalah
melalui sebuah Token dalam sebuah lingkaran seperti cincin. Protokol inl
pertama kali dikembangkan tahun 1980 oleh perusahaan IBM . Sinyal Token
bergerak berputar dalam sebuah lingkaran (cincin) dalam sebuah jaringan dan
bergerak dari satu komputer menuju ke komputer lainnya. Jika pada persinggahan
di salah satu komputer terdapat data yang ingin ditransmisikan. Token akan
mengirimkan data ke tempat yang diingink:an tersebut. Selanjutnya, Token
bergerak untuk saling mengkoneksikan di antara masing-masing komputer. Dengan
kecepatan transmisi data 4 Mbps atau 16 Mbps, protokol Token Ring dapat
digunakan pada topologi jaringan Star dengan menagunakan kabef twisted pair
atau kabel serat optik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FDDI
merupakan protokol jaringan dengan metode akses model Token. FDDI menghubungkan
beberapa komputer sampai jarak yang jauh. FDDI menggunakan dua buah topologi
cincin. Proses transmisinya menggunakan satu cincin, jika terdapat masalah
dalam transmisi data, secara otornatis akan menggunakan cincin yang kedua.
Kecepatan transmisi data sampai 100 Mbps dan kabel yang digunakan adalah serat
optik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protokol ini
merupakan protokol jaringan yang mendukung transmisi data yang berbentuk gambar
atau video dan audio. ATM umummya digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih
jaringan Local Area Network (LAN). ATM bekerja dengan mentransmisikan data
dengan menggunakan metode akses ke dalam satu paket. Topologi yang digunakan
adalah topologi Star dengan menggunakan kabel twisted pair atau serat optik.
ATM banyak digunakan oleh para ISP (Internet Service Provider) untuk
meningkatkan kecepatan akses internet. Kecepatan transmisi datanya 155 s.d. 2488
Mbps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
komunikasi data pada masing-masing protokol yang digunakan sangat mempengaruhi
dan menentukan dalam desain suatu jaringan, kabel yang digunakan, dan kecepatan
aksesnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-25019310827641556762012-05-15T21:25:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:25:43.405-07:00laporan praktik eksoterm dan endoterm KIMIA kelas XI IPA 2<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LAPORAN
PENGAMATAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Memahami
reaksi eksoterm dan reaksi endoterm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi berlangsung dengan menyerap atau membebaskan kalor.
Reaksi yang membebaskan kalor disebut reaksi eksoterm, sedangkan reaksi yang
menyerap kalor disebut reaksi enditerm. Jumlah kalor yang menyertai (
dibebaskan atau diserap ) suatu reaksi kita disebut kalor reaksi. Dalam
termokimia, kiya senantiasa berhadapan dengan reaksi kimia, khususnya tentang
energy yang menyertai reaksi tersebut. Reaksi atau proses yang sedang menjadi
pusat perhatian kita disebut system. Segala sesuatu yang berada di sekitar
system, yaitu dengan apa system itu bereaksi disebut lingkungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun aliran kalor pada reaksi eksoterm dan endoterm adalah
sebagai berikut </span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada reaksi endoterm, system menyerap energy. Oleh
Karen itu, entalpi system akan bertambah, artinya entalpi produk (H<sub>p</sub>)
lebih besar dari pada entalpi pereaksi (H<sub>R</sub>). akibatnya perubahan
entalpi (ΔH), yaitu selisih antara entalpi produk dengan entalpi pereaksi
bertanda positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: center;">
<v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" id="_x0000_s1040" strokecolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" strokeweight="10pt" style="height: 39pt; left: 0; margin-left: 56.1pt; margin-top: -.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 295.5pt; z-index: 15;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi endoterm : ΔH = H<sub>P </sub>– H<sub>R</sub>
> 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]-->
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebaliknya, pada reaksi eksoterm, system membebaskan
energy,sehingga entalpi system akan berkurang, artinya entalpi produk lebih
kecil daripada entalpi pereaksi. Oleh karena itu, perubahan entalpinya bertanda
negative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi eksoterm : ΔH = H<sub>P </sub>– H<sub>R</sub>
< 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[endif]-->
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Alat dan
Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">tabung
reaksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">spatula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">spiritus
dan korek api<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">larutan
asam klorida (HCl)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">pita
magnesium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kristal
barium hidroksida (Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kristal
ammonium klorida (NH<sub>4</sub>Cl)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Serbuk
belerang (S)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Serbuk
besi (Fe)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bubuk
tembaga (II) karbonat (CuCO<sub>3</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Cara kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masukkan
kurang lebih 3 cm<sup>3</sup> larutan asam klorida (HCl)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 2 M ke dalam
sebuah tabung reaksi, kemudian tambahkan potongan pita magnesium sepanjang 4
cm. amati perubahan yang terjadi dan rasakan perubahan suhu tabung reaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Masukkan Kristal barium hidroksida (Ba(OH)<sub>2
. 8</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O) sebanyak 2 spatula ke dalam tabung reaksi. Tambahkan
Kristal ammonium klorida (NH<sub>4</sub>Cl) sebanyak 2 spatula. Aduk campuran
itu kemudian tutuplah dengan gabus. Pegang tabung itu dan rasakan suhunya.
Biarkan sebentar, buka tabung dan cium bau gas yang timbul. Catat pengamatan
anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Campurkan
serbuk belerang sebanyak 6 spatula
dengan serbuk besi ebanyak 2 spatula.masukkan campuran itu ke dalam tabung
reaksi. Panaskan tabung itu sampai berpija. Hentikan pemanasan, amati apa yang
terjadi dan catat pengamatan anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masukkan
3 spatula bubuk tembag (II) karbonat (CuCO<sub>3</sub>) ke dalam tabung reaksi.
Panaskan tabung sampai mulai terjadi perubahan pada bubuk tersebut. Hentikan,
amati apa yang terjadi dan catat pengamatan anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hasil pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> terdapat gelembung-gelembung pada pita
magnesium, warnah larutan berubah, dan tabung reaksi menjadi panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0cm 70.9pt 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak ada
perubahan suhu pada tabung reaksi, dan campuran berbau gosong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0cm 70.9pt 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Campuran
menjadi satu, dan tabung reaksi menjadi panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0cm 70.9pt 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bubuk
tembaga (II) klorida menjadi hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Analisis data
/ Pertanyaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejalah
apakah yang menunjukkan telah terjadi reaksi kimia pada percobaan (1), (2),
(3), dan (4) ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jika
hasil reaksi dibiarkan beberapa jam, apa
yang anda harapkan terjadi pada percobaan (1) dan (2) ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagaimanakah
jumlah entalpi zat-zat hasil reaksi(produk) dibandingkan dengan jumlah energy
zat pereaksi (reaktan) pada reaksi (1), (2), (3), dan (4), jika diukur pada
suhu dan tekanan yang sama ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gambarkan
diagram tingkat energy untuk keempat reaksi di atas !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Simpulkan
pengertian reaksi eksoterm dan endoterm !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JAWABAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">–
Percobaan pertama terjadi gejala eksoterm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Percobaan kedua terjadi gejala endoterm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Percobaan ketiga terjadi gejala eksoterm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Percobaaan keempat terjadi gejala endoterm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(1) saya
harapkan campuran tersebut tetap dingin karena tidak dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(2) yang saya harapkan campuran itu tidak berbau
karena pada saat belum dicampur kedua Kristal tersebut tidak berbau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 2.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 3) –Percobaan pertama : - (negative)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 2.0cm 70.9pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> - percobaan kedua : + (positif)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 2.0cm 70.9pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> - percobaan ketiga :+ (positif)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 2.0cm 70.9pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> - percobaan keempat : - (negative)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1042" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 270.8pt; left: 0px; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 89.7pt; margin-top: 1.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 1.1pt; z-index: 17;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 4) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1049" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 36.55pt; left: 0; margin-left: 40.2pt; margin-top: 17.95pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 24;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1047" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-top: 9.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 66.6pt; z-index: 22;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1046" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 89.2pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 209.05pt; margin-top: 52.4pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 21;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1043" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 90.8pt; margin-top: 229.75pt; position: absolute; width: 262.2pt; z-index: 18;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ΔH = H<sub>P </sub>– H<sub>R</sub> > 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<v:rect fillcolor="#7f7f7f [1601]" id="_x0000_s1045" strokecolor="#f2f2f2 [3041]" strokeweight="1pt" style="height: 43.1pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 163.9pt; margin-top: 7.85pt; position: absolute; text-align: center; width: 90.25pt; z-index: 20;"><span style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 31px;"><b><br /></b></span></v:rect><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1044" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 89.7pt; margin-top: 7.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 74.15pt; z-index: 19;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><v:shape id="_x0000_s1050" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="flip: y; height: 238.55pt; left: 0; margin-left: 89.7pt; margin-top: 20.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 25;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi endoterm untuk percobaan (2)
dan (4)</span><span style="font-family: 'Kristen ITC'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 63.8pt 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1057" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 36.55pt; left: 0; margin-left: 40.2pt; margin-top: 18.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 32;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1055" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="flip: y; height: 1in; left: 0; margin-left: 209.05pt; margin-top: 36.5pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 30;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1053" o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="3pt" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 88.6pt; margin-top: 15.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 67.7pt; z-index: 28;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ΔH = H<sub>P </sub>– H<sub>R</sub> < 0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt 219.75pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reaksi
eksoterm untuk percobaan (1) dan ( 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 78.0pt 191.4pt 219.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5) sebagian reaksi dapat berlangsung pada suhu
rendah, sementara reaksi lain hanya dapat berlangsung pada suhu tinggi. Reaksi
yang memerlukan pemanasan itu belum tentu endoterm. Reaksi antara serbuk besi
dengan serbuk belerang merupakan contah reaksi eksoterm yang hanya berlangsung
pada suhu tinggi.meskipun memerlukan pemanasan, reaksi itu secara keseluruhan
membebaskan energy. Reaksi eksoterm seperti itu memerlukan panas untuk mencapai
kondisi yang memungkinkan reaksi dapat berlangsung. Jika reaksi sudah mulai
berlangsung, maka pemanasan tidak diperlukan lagi. Sebaliknya, reaksi endoterm
yang berlansung pada suhu tinggi terus-menerus memerlukan pemanasan. Jika
pemanasan dihentikan, maka reaksi itu berhenti. Reaaksi penguraian tembaga (II)
karbonat merupakan contoh reaksi endoterm yang berlangsung pada suhu tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-1486654045840179492012-05-15T21:18:00.002-07:002012-05-15T21:18:57.422-07:00laporan praktik KIMIA kelas XI IPA 2<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MENGAMATI
PERUBAHAN ENTALPI REAKSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">LAPORAN
PRAKTIKUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tugas Mata Pelajaran KIMIA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br />
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<br clear="ALL" />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nama : Siti rahma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelas : XI IPA 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">NIS : 14967<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No. Urut : 33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SMAN 1 WATAMPONE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TAHUN PELAJARAN 2011/2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Judul Kegiatan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perubahanentalpi reaksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tujuan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk
menentukan perubahan entalpi pada reaksi antara <o:p></o:p></div>
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larutan natrium hidroksida dengan
larutan asam klorida. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dasar Teori <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Entalpi adalah jumlah dari semua
bentuk energi yang tersimpan dalam suatu zat. Reaksi kimia umumnya berlangsung
pada wadah terbuka dan tekanan tetap. Oleh karena itu setelah terjadi perubahan
kimia akan terjadi perubahan entalpi pula. Perubahan entalpi sistem suatu
reaksi ditentukan oleh keadaan awal (pereaksi) dan keadaan akhir (hasil akhir).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>∆H = <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>H</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>ak</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>ir</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Persamaan
termokimia adalah persamaan reaksi yang melibatkan perubahan </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">entalpi dan penulisannya dikaitkan dengan koefisien
reaksi dan wujud zat. Pada persamaan termokimia koefisien reaksi
menunjukkanperbandingan jumlah mol dan mempengaruhi nilai perubahan entalpi. </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan entalpi reaksi yang diukur pada keadaan standar yaitu pada
25°C <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(298 K) dan tekanan 1 atmosfer (1 atm) disebut
perubahan entalpi dasar dan diberi lambang </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H°. Satuan energi yang digunakan untuk </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H° menurut satuan internasional (SI) adalah joule (J). Namun dalam
menyatakan energi dalam suatu makanan masih menggunakan satuan kalori (kal)
dimana 1 kalori setara dengan 4,184 J atau 1 kkal (kilokalori) setara dengan
4,184 kJ (kilojoule). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Macam-macam perubahan entalpi : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan entalpi
pembentukan standar</span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">°) adalah
jumlah kalor yang</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dilepaskan atau
dibutuhkan pada reaksi pembentukan 1 mol senyawa dari unsur-unsurnya dalam
keadaan stabil pada keadaan standar (25°C atau 298 K dan 1 atm). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan entalpi
penguraian standar</span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">°) adalah
jumlah kalor yang</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dilepaskan atau dibutuhkan pada reaksi penguraian 1
mol senyawa menjadi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unsur-unsurnya dalam keadaan stabil pada keadaan
standar (25°C atau 298 Kdan 1 atm). Entalpi penguraian merupakan kebalikan dari
entalpi pembentukan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 128.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">° = - </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">° <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan entalpi
pembakaran standar</span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">°) adalah
jumlah kalor yang</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dilepaskan pada reaksi pembakaran sempurna 1 mol zat
(unsur atau senyawa) dalam keadaan stabil pada keadaan standar (25°C atau 298 K
dan 1 atm). Reaksi pembakaran tergantung pada jumlah oksigen yang bereaksi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan entalpi
pelarutan standar</span></b><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">°) adalah
jumlah kalor yang</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dilepaskan atau dibutuhkan pada saat 1 mol zat
dilarutkan dalam pelarut berlebih menjadi larutan encer pada keadaan standar
(25°C atau 298 K dan 1 atm). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur jumlah kalor yang diserap atau
dilepaskan sistem pada suatu reaksi adalah kalorimeter. Secara sederhana
kalorimeter dapat dibuat dari gelas gabus atau</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> styrofoam cup</span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Gabus bersifat isolator sehingga dianggap dapat menahan kalor untuk
pindah ke lingkungan. Pada reaksi eksotermis, kalor yang dilepaskan tetap
berada dalam larutan untuk menaikkan suhu. </span><span lang="FR-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkanpadareaksiendotermis, kalordiserap dari larutan dan
suhupunturun. Jadi, tidak ada kalor yang berpindah dari sitemkelingkungan. </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalorimeter bom merupakan kalorimeter yang dirancang khusus untuk reaksi
pembakaran yang melibatkan gas. Pada kalorimeter bom terdapat ruang khusus
berisi pereaksi dan hasil reaksi (tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia atau sistem).
Ruang khusus ini dikelilingi oleh air, termometer, pengaduk, dan wadah pembatas
kalorimeter sebagai lingkungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>air</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:19.5pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="26" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">= m
x c x ∆T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><m:r>bom</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="33" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> = C x ∆T</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dengan, q =
jumlah kalor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
m= massa air (larutan) di dalam kalorimeter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
c= kalor jenis air (larutan) di dalam kalorimeter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
C= kapasitas kalor dari bom kalorimeter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
∆T= kenaikan suhu larutan (kalorimeter)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Laporan Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Alat dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bejana plastik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulinder ukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tissue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">termometer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">larutan NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">larutan HCL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masukkan 50 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>cm</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> larutan NaOH 1 M ke dalam bejana plastik dan
50 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>cm</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">larutan HCL 1
M ke dalam silinder ukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ukur suhu kedua larutan itu. Termometer harus dibersihkan dan dikeringkan
sebelum dipindahkan dari satu larutan ke larutan yang lain. Jika suhu kedua
larutan berbeda,tentukan suhu rata-rata (suhu awal).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuangkan HCL ke dalam bejana plastik
yang berisi larutan NaOH, aduk dengan termometer dan perhatikan suhu yang ditunjukkan oleh
termometer itu. Suhu akan naik kemudian menjadi tetap dan selanjutnya turun.
Catatlah suhu yang tetap itu (suhu akhir).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 60.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.9pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.7pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.85pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.9pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.7pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan NaOH 1M
ke dalam bejana plastik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.85pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suhu menjadi </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>31</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.9pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.7pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan HCL
1 M ke dalam silinder ukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.85pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suhu menjadi
</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>31</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.9pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.7pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencampuran
antara larutan HCL dengan larutan NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.85pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suhu naik
menjadi </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>33</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 53.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 53.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.1pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -6.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.5pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -6.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan suhu ∆T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.85pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -6.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">33-31= </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -6.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -6.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hitunglah energi yang
harus pindah ke lingkungan agar suhu larutan hasil reaksi turun menjadi sama
dengan suhu pereaksi (suhu awal).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hitunglah jumlah mol
NaOH dalam 50 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>cm</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> larutan NaOH 1M dan jumlah mol HCL dalam 50 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>cm</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> larutan HCL 1 M.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hitunglah perubahan
entalpi (∆H) per mol </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>H</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>O</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.png"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang terbentuk dalam reaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tulis persamaan termokimia
untuk reaksi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
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style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
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mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"
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suhu awal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaOH = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 221px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 251737088;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="39" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HCL + NaOH = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>33</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C
suhu akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>larutan</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="53" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = m. c . ∆t<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:126.6pt;margin-top:8pt;width:14.35pt;
height:2.8pt;flip:y;z-index:251739136' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 5px; left: 0px; margin-left: 168px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 21px; z-index: 251739136;"><img height="5" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="21" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:180.55pt;margin-top:10.8pt;width:13.1pt;height:2.8pt;flip:y;
z-index:251738112' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; left: 0px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 19px; z-index: 251738112;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="19" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = 100 g
. 4,18 J </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>g</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>K</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="53" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> . 2 K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:140.95pt;margin-top:2.7pt;width:14.35pt;
height:7.5pt;flip:y;z-index:251741184' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 187px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 21px; z-index: 251741184;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="21" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:173.1pt;margin-top:2.7pt;width:13.1pt;height:7.5pt;flip:y;
z-index:251740160' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 230px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 19px; z-index: 251740160;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="19" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">= 418 J </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>K</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="27" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> . 2 K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = 836 j<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>reaksi</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = -q larutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = - 836 j<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah mol NaOH, n = V
x M = 0,05 L x 1 mol </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = 0, 5 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah mol HCL, n = V x M = 0,05 L x 1 mol </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = 0,05 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN;
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>1 </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>molHCL</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>+1 </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>molNaOH</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:d></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:106.5pt;height:17.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="142" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">= </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>0,05</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:16.5pt;height:23.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="22" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> x -836 J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 174.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = -16720 J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 174.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> = - 16,72
KJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 174.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi, ∆H (reaksi) = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>reaksi</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">= - 16,72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi yang
terjadi antara larutan NaOH dengan HCl adalah reaksi eksoterm karena tidak ada
kalor (perpindahan materi maupun energi) yang terbuang ke lingkungan. Perubahan
entalpi (ΔH) reaksi dipengaruhi oleh kondisi (suhu dan tekanan) pengukuran.
Perubahan kalor pada suatu reaksi diukur dengan mengukur perubahan </span><span lang="DE-LU" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE-LU; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">suhu yang terjadi. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Saran <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Dengan adanya laporan ini, penulis
mengemukakan saran antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebaiknya siswa lebih memperdalam pengetahuan
tentang reaksi eksoterm dan
endoterm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diharapkan setiap anggota kelompok bisa
bekerja sama dalam melakukan kerja
ilmiah, agar hasil pengamatan
lebih baik lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diharapkan kepada guru agar menjelaskan secara
mendetail mengenai reaksi eksoterm dan endoterm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-31968391900205411512012-05-15T21:16:00.000-07:002012-05-15T21:16:08.924-07:00DRAMA<br />
<h3 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="insertedphoto"><img border="0" class="alignmiddleb" src="file:///D:/M%20Y%20%20%20D%20A%20T%20A/zhyra%20data/Drama%20dan%20Teater%20-%20Metode%20Terapan%20Latihan%20Teater_files/Puncak-3.jpg" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">METODE LATIHAN TEATER: SEBUAH STUDI TERAPAN<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3>
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">ARTI DRAMA<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Drama berarti perbuatan, tindakan. Berasal dari bahasa Yunani “draomai" yang berarti berbuat, berlaku, bertindak dan sebagainya.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Drama adalah hidup yang dilukiskan dengan gerak</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Konflik dari sifat manusia merupakan sumber pokok drama</li>
</ol>
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Dalam bahasa Belanda, drama adalah toneel, yang kemudian oleh PKG Mangkunegara VII dibuat istilah Sandiwara.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">ARTI TEATER<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Secara etimologis : Teater adalah gedung pertunjukan atau auditorium.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Dalam arti luas : Teater ialah segala tontonan yang dipertunjukkan di depan orang banyak</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Dalam arti sempit : Teater adalah drama, kisah hidup dan kehidupan manusia yang diceritakan di atas pentas dengan media : Percakapan, gerak dan laku didasarkan pada naskah yang tertulis ditunjang oleh dekor, musik, nyanyian, tarian, dsb.</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">AKTING YANG BAIK<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Akting tidak hanya berupa dialog saja, tetapi juga berupa gerak.</div>
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<strong><span lang="FR">Dialog</span></strong><span lang="FR"> yang baik ialah dialog yang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">terdengar (volume baik)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">jelas (artikulasi baik)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">dimengerti (lafal benar)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">menghayati (sesuai dengan tuntutan/jiwa peran yang ditentukan dalam naskah)</li>
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<strong>Gerak</strong> yang balk ialah gerak yang :</div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">terlihat (blocking baik)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">jelas (tidak ragu‑ragu, meyakinkan)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">dimengerti (sesuai dengan hukum gerak dalam kehidupan)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">menghayati (sesuai dengan tuntutan/jiwa peran yang ditentukan dalam naskah)</li>
</ol>
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Penjelasan :</div>
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· Volume suara yang baik ialah suara yang dapat terdengar sampai jauh</div>
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· Artikulasi yang baik ialah pengucapan yang jelas. Setiap suku kata terucap dengan jelas dan terang meskipun diucapkan dengan cepat sekali. Jangan terjadi kata‑kata yang diucapkan menjadi tumpang tindih.</div>
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· Lafal yang benar pengucapan kata yang sesuai dengan hukum pengucapan bahasa yang dipakai . Misalnya berani yang berarti "tidak takut" harus diucapkan <em>berani</em> bukan <em>ber‑ani</em>.</div>
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· Menghayati atau menjiwai berarti tekanan atau lagu ucapan harus dapat menimbulkan kesan yang sesuai dengan tuntutan peran dalam naskah</div>
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· Blocking ialah penempatan pemain di panggung, diusahakan antara pemain yang satu dengan yang lainnya tidak saling menutupi sehingga penonton tidak dapat melihat pemain yang ditutupi.</div>
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Pemain lebih baik terlihat sebagian besar bagian depan tubuh daripada terlihat sebagian besar belakang tubuh. Hal ini dapat diatur dengan patokan sebagai berikut :</div>
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· Kalau berdiri menghadap ke kanan, maka kaki kanan sebaiknya berada didepan.</div>
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· Kalau berdiri menghadap ke kiri, maka kaki kiri sebaiknya berada didepan.</div>
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<span lang="FR">Harus diatur pula balance para pemain di panggung. Jangan sampai seluruh pemain mengelompok di satu tempat. Dalam hal mengatur balance, komposisinya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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·<span lang="FR"> Bagian kanan lebih berat daripada kiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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· Bagian depan lebih berat daripada belakang</div>
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· Yang tinggi lebih berat daripada yang rendah</div>
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· Yang lebar lebih berat daripada yang sempit</div>
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· Yang terang lebih berat daripada yang gelap</div>
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· Menghadap lebih berat daripada yang membelakangi</div>
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Komposisi diatur tidak hanya bertujuan untuk enak dilihat tetapi juga untuk mewarnai sesuai adegan yang berlangsung</div>
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1. Jelas, tidak ragu‑ragu, meyakinkan, mempunyai pengertian bahwa gerak yang dilakukan jangan setengah‑setengah bahkan jangan sampai berlebihan. Kalau ragu‑ragu terkesan kaku sedangkan kalau berlebihan terkesan over acting</div>
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2. Dimengerti, berarti apa yang kita wujudkan dalam bentuk gerak tidak menyimpang dari hukum gerak dalam kehidupan. Misalnya bila mengangkat barang yang berat dengan tangan kanan, maka tubuh kita akan miring ke kiri, dsb.</div>
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3. Menghayati berarti gerak‑gerak anggota tubuh maupun gerak wajah harus sesuai tuntutan peran dalam naskah, termasuk pula bentuk dan usia.</div>
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Selanjutnya akan dibahas secara rinci tentang dasar latihan teater.</div>
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<strong>BAB I<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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<strong>MEDITASI dan KONSENTRASI</strong></div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">MEDITASI<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Secara umum meditasi artinya adalah menenangkan pikiran. Dalam teater dapat diartikan sebagai suatu usaha untuk menenangkan dan mengosongkan pikiran dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh kestabilan diri. </div>
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Tujuan Meditasi :</div>
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1. Mengosongkan pikiran.</div>
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Kita mencoba mengosongkan pikiran kita, dengan jalan membuang segala sesuatu yang ada dalam pikiran kita, tentang berbagai masalah baik itu masalah keluarga, sekolah, pribadi dan sebagainya. Kita singkirkan semua itu dari otak kita agar pikiran kita bebas dari segala beban dan ikatan.</div>
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2. Meditasi sebagai jembatan.</div>
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Disini alam latihan kita sebut sebagai alam "semu", karena segala sesuatu yang kita kerjakan dalam latihan adalah semu, tidak pernah kita kerjakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Jadi setiap gerak kita akan berbeda dengan kelakuan kita sehari-hari. Untuk itulah kita memerlukan suatu jembatan yang akan membawa kita dari alam kehidupan kita sehari-hari ke alam latihan.</div>
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Cara meditasi :</div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Posisi tubuh tidak terikat, dalam arti tidak dipaksakan. Tetapi yang biasa dilakukan adalah dengan duduk bersila, badan usahakan tegak. Cara ini dimaksudkan untuk memberi bidang/ruangan pada rongga tubuh sebelah dalam.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Atur pernapasan dengan baik, hirup udara pelan-pelan dan keluarkan juga dengan perlahan. Rasakan seluruh gerak peredaran udara yang masuk dan keluar dalam tubuh kita.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Kosongkan pikiran kita, kemudian rasakan suasana yang ada disekeliling kita dengan segala perasaan. Kita akan merasakan suasana yang hening, tenang, bisu, diam tak bergerak. Kita menyuruh syaraf kita untuk lelap, kemudian kita siap untuk berkonsentrasi.</li>
</ol>
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Catatan :</div>
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Pada suatu saat mungkin kita kehilangan rangsangan untuk berlatih, seolah-olah timbul kelesuan dalam setiap gerak dan ucapan. <span lang="FR">Hal ini sering terjadi akibat diri terlalu lelah atau terlalu banyak pikiran. </span>Jika hal ini tidak diatasi dan kita paksakan untuk berlatih, maka akan sia-sia belaka. Cara untuk mengatasi adalah dengan MEDITASI. Meditasi juga perlu dilakukan bila kita akan bermain di panggung, agar kita dapat mengkonsentrasikan diri kita dengan peran yang hendak kita bawakan.</div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">KONSENTRASI<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="FR">Konsentrasi secara umum berarti "pemusatan". Dalam teater kita mengartikannya dengan pemusatan pikiran terhadap alam latihan atau peran-peran yang akan kita bawakan agar kita tidak terganggu dengan pikiran-pikiran lain, sehingga kita dapat menjiwai segala sesuatu yang kita kerjakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Cara konsentrasi :</div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Kita harus melakukan dahulu meditasi. <span lang="FR">Kita kosongkan dulu pikiran kita, dengan cara-cara yang sudah ditentukan. </span>Kita kerjakan sesempurna mungkin agar pikiran kita benar-benar kosong dan siap berkonsentrasi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Setelah pikiran kita kosong, mulailah memasuki otak kita dengan satu unsur pikiran. Rasakan bahwa saat ini sedang latihan, kita memasuki alam semu yang tidak kita dapati dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Jangan memikirkan yang lain, selain bahwa kita saat ini sedang latihan teater.</li>
</ol>
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Catatan :</div>
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Pada saat kita akan membawakan suatu peran, misalnya sebagai ayah, nenek, gadis pemalu dan sebagainya, baik itu dalam latihan atau pementasan, konsentrasikan pikiran kita pada hal tersebut. Jangan sekali-kali memikirkan yang lain.</div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">VOKAL dan PERNAPASAN<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">PERNAPASAN<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Seorang artis panggung, baik itu dramawan ataupun penyanyi, maka untuk memperoleh suara yang baik ia memerlukan pernapasan yang baik pula. Oleh karena itu ia harus melatih pernapasan/alat-alat pernapasannya serta mempergunakannya secara tepat agar dapat diperoleh hasil yang maksimum, baik dalam latihan ataupun dalam pementasan.</div>
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Ada empat macam pernapasan yang biasa dipergunakan :</div>
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Ø Pernapasan dada</div>
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Pada pernapasan dada kita menyerap udara kemudian kita masukkan ke rongga dada sehingga dada kita membusung.</div>
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Di kalangan orang‑orang teater pernapasan dada biasanya tidak dipergunakan karena disamping daya tampung atau kapasitas dada untuk Udara sangat sedikit, juga dapat mengganggu gerak/acting kita, karena bahu menjadi kaku.</div>
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Ø Pernapasan perut</div>
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Dinamakan pernapasan perut jika udara yang kita hisap kita masukkan ke dalam perut sehingga perut kita menggelembung,</div>
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Pernapasan perut dipergunakan oleh sebagian dramawan, karena tidak banyak mengganggu gerak dan daya tampungnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dada.</div>
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Ø Pernapasan lengkap</div>
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Pada pernapasan lengkap kita mempergunakan dada dan perut untuk menyimpan udara, sehingga udara yang kita serap sangat banyak (maksimum).</div>
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Pernapasan lengkap dipergunakan oleh sebagian artis panggung yang biasanya tidak terlalu mengutamakan acting, tetapi mengutamakan vokal.</div>
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Ø Pernapasan diafragma</div>
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Pernapasan diafragma ialah jika pada waktu kita mengambil udara, maka diafragma kita mengembang. Hat ini dapat kita rasakan dengan mengembangnya perut, pinggang, bahkan bagian belakang tubuh di sebelah atas pinggul kita juga turut mengembang.</div>
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Menurut perkembangan akhir‑akhir ini, banyak orang‑orang teater yang mempergunakan pernapasan diafragma, karena tidak banyak mengganggu gerak dan daya tampungnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan pernapasan perut.</div>
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Latihan‑latihan pernapasan :</div>
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· Pertama kita menyerap udara sebanyak mungkin. Kemudian masukkan ke dalam dada, kemudian turunkan ke perut, sampai di situ napas kita tahan. Dalam keadaan demikian tubuh kita gerakkan turun sampai batas maksimurn bawah. Setelah sampai di bawah, lalu naik lagi ke posisi semula, barulah napas kita keluarkan kembali.</div>
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· Cara kedua adalah menarik napas dan mengeluarkannya kembali dengan cepat.</div>
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· Cara berikutnya adalah menarik napas dalam‑dalam, kemudian keluarkan lewat mulut dengan mendesis, menggumam, ataupun cara‑cara lain. Di sini kita sudah mulai menyinggung vokal.</div>
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Catatan : Bila sudah menentukan pernapasan apa yang akan kita pakai, maka janganlah beralih ke bentuk pernapasan yang lain.</div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">VOKAL<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Untuk menjadi seorang pemain drama yang baik, maka dia harus mernpunyai dasar vokal yang baik pula. "Baik” di sini diartikan sebagai :</div>
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· Dapat terdengar (dalam jangkauan penonton, sampai penonton, yang paling belakang).</div>
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· Jelas (artikulasi/pengucapan yang tepat),</div>
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· Tersampaikan misi (pesan) dari dialog yang diucapkan.</div>
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· Tidak monoton.</div>
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Untuk mempunyai vokal yang baik ini, maka perlu dilakukan latihan‑latihan vokal. Banyak cara, yang dilakukan untuk melatih vokal, antara lain :</div>
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· Tariklah napas, lantas keluarkan lewat mulut sambil menghentakan suara "wah…” dengan energi suara. Lakukan ini berulang kali.</div>
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· Tariklah napas, lantas keluarkan lewat mulut sambil menggumam "mmm…mmm…” (suara keluar lewat hidung).</div>
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· Sama dengan latihan kedua, hanya keluarkan dengan suara mendesis,"ssss……."</div>
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· Hirup udara banyak‑banyak, kemudian keluarkan vokal "aaaaa…….” sampai batas napas yang terakhir. Nada suara jangan berubah.</div>
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· Sama dengan latihan di atas, hanya nada (tinggi rendah suara) diubah-ubah naik turun (dalam satu tarikan napas)</div>
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· Keluarkan vokal “a…..a……” secara terputus-putus.</div>
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· Keluarkan suara vokal “a‑i‑u‑e‑o", “ai‑ao‑au‑ae‑", "oa‑oi‑oe‑ou", “iao‑iau‑iae‑aie‑aio‑aiu‑oui‑oua‑uei‑uia‑......” dan sebagainya.</div>
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· Berteriaklah sekuat‑kuatnya sampai ke tingkat histeris.</div>
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· Bersuara, berbicara, berteriak sambil berialan, jongkok, bergulung‑gulung, berlari, berputar‑putar dan berbagai variasi lainnnya.</div>
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Catatan :</div>
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<span lang="FR">Apabila suara kita menjadi serak karena latihan‑latihan tadi, janganlah takut. Hal ini biasa terjadi apabila kita baru pertama kali melakukan. Sebabnya adalah karena lendir‑lendir di tenggorokan terkikis, bila kita bersuara keras. Tetapi bila kita sudah terbiasa, tenggorokan kita sudah agak longgar dan selaput suara (larink) sudah menjadi elastis. Maka suara yang serak tersebut akam menghilang dengan sendirinya. Dan ingat, janganlah terlalu memaksa alat‑alat suara untuk bersuara keras, sebab apabila dipaksakan akan dapat merusak alat‑alat suara kita. Berlatihlah dalam batas-batas yang wajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Latihan ini biasanya dilakukan di alam terbuka. misalnya di gunung, di tepi sungai, di dekat air terjun dan sebagainya. Di sana kita mencoba mengalahkan suara‑suara di sekitar kita, disamping untuk menghayati karunia Tuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">ARTIKULASI<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="FR">Yang dimaksud dengan artikulasi pada teater adalah pengucapan kata melalui mulut agar terdengar dengan baik dan benar serta jelas, sehingga telinga pendengar/penonton dapat mengerti pada kata‑kata yang diucapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Pada pengertian artikulasi ini dapat ditemukan beberapa sebab yang mongakibatkan terjadinya artikulasi yang kurang/tidak benar, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ø<span lang="FR"> Cacat artikulasi alam : cacat artikulasi ini dialami oleh orang yang berbicara gagap atau orang yang sulit mengucapkan salah satu konsonon, misalnya ‘r’, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ø<span lang="FR"> Artikulasi jelek ini bukan disebabkan karena cacat artikulasi, melainkan terjadi sewaktu‑waktu. Hal ini sering terjadi pada pengucapan naskah/dialog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">o Kehormatan menjadi kormatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o Menyambung menjadi mengambung, dan sebagainya.</div>
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Artikulasi jelek disebabkan karena belum terbiasa pada dialog, pengucapan terlalu cepat, gugup, dan sebagainya.</div>
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Ø Artikulasi tak tentu : hal ini terjadi karena pengucapan kata/dialog terlalu cepat, seolah‑olah kata demi kata berdempetan tanpa adanya jarak sama sekali.</div>
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Untuk mendapatkan artikulasi yang baik maka kita harus melakukan latihan</div>
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· Mengucapkan alfabet dengan benar, perhatikan bentuk mulut pada setiap pengucapan. Ucapkan setiap huruf dengan nada‑nada tinggi, rendah, sengau, kecil, besar, dsb. Juga ucapkanlah dengan berbisik.</div>
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· Variasikan dengan pengucapan lambat, cepat, naik, turun, dsb</div>
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·<span lang="FR"> Membaca kalimat dengan berbagai variasi seperti di atas. Perhatikan juga bentuk mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">GESTIKULASI<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="FR">Gestikulasi adalah suatu cara untuk memenggal kata dan memberi tekanan pada kata atau kalimat pada sebuah dialog. Jadi seperti halnya artikulasi, gestikulasi pun merupakan bagian dari dialog, hanya saja fungsinya yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Gestikulasi tidak disebut pemenggalan kalimat karena dalam dialog satu kata dengan satu kalimat kadang‑kadang memiliki arti yang sama. Misalnya kata "Pergi !!!!” dengan kalimat "Angkat kaki dari sini !!!". Juga dalam drama bisa saja terjadi sebuah dialog yang berbentuk "Lalu ?” , "Kenapa ?” atau "Tidak !" dan sebagainya. Karena itu diperlukan suatu ketrampilan dalam memenggal kata pada sebuah dialog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Gestikulasi harus dilakukan sebab kata‑kata yang pertama dengan kata berikutnya dalam sebuah dialog dapat memiliki maksud yang berbeda. Misalnya: "Tuan kelewatan. Pergi!". Antara "Tuan kelewatan" dan "Pergi" harus dilakukan pemenggalan karena antara keduanya memiliki maksud yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Hal ini dilakukan agar lebih lancar dalam memberikan tekanan pada kata. Misalnya "Tuan kelewatan"....... (mendapat tekanan), “Pergi….” (mendapat tekanan).</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">INTONASI<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Seandainya pada dialog yang kita ucapkan, kita tidak menggunakan intonasi, maka akan terasa monoton, datar dan membosankan. Yang dimaksud intonasi di sini adalah tekanan‑tekanan yang diberikan pada kata, bagian kata atau dialog. Dalam tatanan intonasi, terdapat tiga macam, yaitu :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Tekanan Dinamik (keras‑lemah)</li>
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Ucapkanlah dialog pada naskah dengan melakukan penekanan‑penekanan pada setiap kata yang memerlukan penekanan. Misainya saya pada kalimat "Saya membeli pensil ini" Perhatikan bahwa setiap tekanan memiliki arti yang berbeda.</div>
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- SAYA membeli pensil ini. (Saya, bukan orang lain)</div>
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- Saya MEMBELI pensil ini. (Membeli, bukan, menjual)</div>
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- Saya membeli PENSIL ini. (Pensil, bukan buku tulis)</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Tekanan.Nada (tinggi)</li>
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Cobalah mengucapkan kalimat/dialog dengan memakai nada/aksen, artinya tidak mengucapkan seperti biasanya. Yang dimaksud di sini adalah membaca/mengucapkan dialog dengan Suara yang naik turun dan berubah‑ubah. Jadi yang dimaksud dengan tekanan nada ialah tekanan tentang tinggi rendahnya suatu kata.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Tekanan Tempo</li>
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Tekanan tempo adalah memperlambat atau mempercepat pengucapan. Tekanan ini sering dipergunakan untuk lebih mempertegas apa yang kita maksudkan. Untuk latihannya cobalah membaca naskah dengan tempo yang berbeda‑beda. Lambat atau cepat silih berganti.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">WARNA SUARA<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Hampir setiap orang memiliki warna suara yang berbeda. Demikian pula usia sangat mempengaruhi warna suara. Misalnya saja seorang kakek, akan berbeda warna suaranya dengan seorang anak muda. Seorang ibu akan berbeda warna suaranya dengan anak gadisnya. Apalagi antara laki‑laki dengan perempuan, akan sangat jelas perbedaan warna suaranya.</div>
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Jadi jelaslah bahwa untuk membawakan suatu dialog dengan baik, maka selain harus memperhatikan artikulasi, gestikulasi dan intonasi, harus memperhatikan juga warna suara. Sebagai latihan dapat dicoba merubah‑rubah warna suara dengan menirukan warna suara seorang tua, pengemis, anak kecil, dsb.</div>
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Selain mengenai dasar‑dasar vokal di atas, dalam sebuah dialog diperlukan juga adanya suatu penghayatan. <span lang="FR">Mengenai penghayatan ini akan diterangkan dalam bagian tersendiri. Untuk latihan cobalah membaca naskah berikut ini dengan menggunakan dasar‑dasar vokal seperti di atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">(Si Dul masuk tergopoh‑gopoh)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dul : Aduh Pak….e…..e…..itu, Pak…. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Anu…. Pak….a….a….ada orang bawa koper, pakaiannya bagus. Saya takut, Pak, mungkin dia orang kota, Pak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Paiman : Goblog ! Kenapa Takut ? Kenapa tidak kau kumpulkan orang-orangmu untuk mengusirnya ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pak Gondo : (kepada Paiman) Kau lebih-lebih Goblog ! </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kau membohongi saya ! Kau tadi lapor apa ?! </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sudah tidak ada orang kota yang masuk ke daerah kita, hei ! (sambil mencengkeram Paiman).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Paiman : Sungguh, Pak, sudah lama tidak ada orang kota yang masuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pak Gondo : (membentak sambil mendorong) Diam Kamu !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">(kepada si Dul) Di mana dia sekarang ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Dul : Di sana Pak, mengintip orang mandi di kali sambil motret.</span><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">GERAK<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">OLAH TUBUH<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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Sebelum kita melangkah lebih jauh untuk mempelajari seluk beluk gerak, maka terlebih dahulu kita harus mengenal tentang olah tubuh. Olah tubuh (bisa juga dikatakan senam), sangat perlu dilakukan sebelum kita mengadakan latihan atau pementasan. Dengan berolah tubuh kita akan, mendapat keadaaan atau kondisi tubuh yang maksimal.</div>
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Selain itu olah tubuh juga mempunyai tujuan melatih atau melemaskan otot‑otot kita supaya elastis, lentur, luwes dan supaya tidak ada bagian‑bagian tubuh kita yang kaku selama latihan-latihan nanti.</div>
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Pelaksanaan olah tubuh :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Pertama sekali mari kita perhatikan dan rasakan dengan segenap panca indera yana kita punyai, tentang segala rakhmat yang dianugerahkan kepada kita. Dengan memakai rasa kita perhatikan seluruh tubuh kita, mulai dari ujung rambut sampai ujung kaki, yang mana semuanya itu merupakan rakhmat Tuhan yarig diberikan kepada kita.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Sekarang mari kita menggerakkan tubuh kita.</li>
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- Jatuhkan kepala ke depan. Kemudian jatuhkan ke belakanq, ke kiri, ke kanan. Ingat kepala/leher dalam keadaan lemas, seperti orang mengantuk.</div>
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- Putar kepala pelan‑pelan dan rasakan lekukan‑lekukan di leher, mulai dari muka. kemudian ke kiri, ke belakang dan ke kanan. Begitu seterusnya dan lakukan berkali‑kali. Ingat, pelan‑pelan dan rasakan !</div>
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- Putar bahu ke arah depan berkali‑kali, juga ke arah belakang. <span lang="FR">Pertama satu-persatu terlebih dahulu, baru kemudian bahu kiri dan kanan diputar serentak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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- Putar bahu kanan ke arah depan, sedangkan bahu kiri diputar ke arah belakang. Demikian pula sebaliknya.</div>
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- Rentangkan tangan kemudian putar pergelangan tangan, putar batas siku, putar tangan keseluruhan. Lakukan berkali‑kali, pertama tangan kanan dahulu, kemudian tangan kiri, baru bersama‑sama.</div>
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- Putar pinggang ke kiri, depan, kanan, belakang. Juga sebaliknya.</div>
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- Ambil posisi berdiri yang sempurna, lalu angkat kaki kanan dengan tumpuan pada kaki kiri. Jaga jangan sampai jatuh. Kemudian putar pergelangan kaki kanan, putar lutut kanan, putar seluruh kaki kanan. <span lang="FR">Kerjakan juga pada kaki kiri sesuai dengan cara di atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">- Sebagai pembuka dan penutup olah tubuh ini, lakukan iari‑lari di tempat dan meloncat‑loncat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong>Macam‑Macam Gerak :</strong></div>
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Setiap orang memerlukan gerak dalam hidupnya. Banyak gerak yang dapat dilakukan manusia. Dalam latihan dasar teater, kita juga harus mengenal dengan baik bermacam‑macam gerak Latihan‑latihan mengenai gerak ini harus diperhatikan secara khusus oleh seseorang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang teater.</div>
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<span lang="FR">Pada dasarnya gerak dapat dibaqi menjadi dua, yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="FR">1.</span></strong><strong><span lang="FR" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span lang="FR">Gerak teaterikal</span></strong><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Gerak teaterikal adalah gerak yang dipakai dalam teater, yaitu gerak yang lahir dari keinginan bergerak yang sesuai dengan apa yang dituntut dalam naskah. </span>Jadi gerak teaterikal hanya tercipta pada waktu memainkan naskah drama.</div>
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<strong>2.</strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>Gerak non teaterikal</strong></div>
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Gerak non teaterikal adalah gerak kita dalam kehidupan sehari‑hari.</div>
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Gerak yang dipakai dalam teater (gerak teaterikal) ada bermacam‑macam, secara garis besar dapat kita bagi menjadi dua, yaitu gerak halus dan gerak kasar.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><em>Gerak Halus</em></li>
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Gerak halus adalah gerak pada raut muka kita atau perubahan mimik, atau yanq lebih dikenal lagi dengan ekspresi. Gerak ini timbul karena pengaruh dari dalam/emosi, misalnya marah, sedih, gembira, dsb.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><em>Gerak Kasar</em></li>
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Gerak kasar adalah gerak dari seluruh/sebagian anggota tubuh kita. <span lang="FR">Gerak ini timbul karena adanya pengaruh baik dari luar maupun dari dalam. </span>Gerak kasar masih dapat dibagi menjadi empat bagian. yaitu :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Business</strong>, adalah gerak‑gerak kecil yang kita lakukan tanpa penuh kesadaran Gerak ini kita lakukan secara spontan, tanpa terpikirkan (refleks). Misalnya :</li>
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- sewaktu kita sedang mendengar alunan musik, secara tak sadar kita menggerak‑gerakkan tangan atau kaki mengikuti irama musik.</div>
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- sewaktu kita sedang belajar/membaca, kaki kita digigit nyamuk. Secara refleks tangan kita akan memukul kaki yang tergigit nyamuk tanpa kehilangan konsentrasi kita pada belajar.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Gestures</strong>, adalah gerak‑gerak besar yang kita lakukan. Gerak ini adalah gerak yang kita lakukan secara sadar. Gerak yang terjadi setelah mendapat perintah dari diri/otak kita Untuk melakukan sesuatu, misalnya saja menulis, mengambil gelas, jongkok, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Movement</strong>, adalah gerak perpindahan tubuh dari tempat yang satu ke tempat yang lain. Gerak ini tidak hanya terbatas pada berjalan saja, tetapi dapat juga berupa berlari, bergulung‑gulung, melompat, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="FR">Guide</span></strong><span lang="FR">, adalah cara berjalan. Cara berjalan disini bisa bermacam-macam. Cara berjalan orang tua akan berbeda dengan cara berjalan seorang anak kecil, berbeda pula dengan cara berjalan orang yang sedang mabuk, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="FR" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Setiap gerakan yang kita lakukan harus mempunyai arti, motif dan dasar. </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Hal ini harus benar-benar diperhatikan dan harus diyakini benar-benar oleh seorang pemain apa maksud dan maknanya ia m</span>elakukan gerakan yang demikian itu.</div>
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Dalam latihan gerak, kita mengenal latihan “<em>gerak-gerak dasar</em>”. Latihan mengenai gerak-gerak dasar ini kita bagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu :</div>
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· Gerak dasar bawah : posisinya dalam keadaan duduk bersila. Di sini kita hanya boleh bergerak sebebasnya mulai dari tempat kita berpijak sampai pada batas kepala kita.</div>
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· Gerak dasar tengah : posisi kita saat ini dalam keadaan setengah berdiri. <span lang="FR">Di sini kita diperbolehkan bergerak mulai dari bawah sampai diatas kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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·<span lang="FR"> Gerak dasar atas : di sini kita boleh bergerak sebebas-bebasnya tanpa ada batas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dalam melakukan gerak-gerak dasar diatas kita dituntut untuk berimprovisasi / menciptakan gerak-gerak yang bebas, indah dan artistik.</div>
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<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Latihan-latihan gerak yang lain :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Latihan cermin.</strong></li>
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dua orang berdiri berhadap-hadapan satu sama lain. Salah seorang lalu membuat gerakan dan yang lain menirukannya, persis seperti apa yang dilakukan temannya, seolah-olah sedang berdiri didepan cermin. Latihan ini dilakukan bergantian.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Latihan gerak dan tatap mata.</strong></li>
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sama dengan latihan cermin, hanya waktu berhadapan mata kedua orang tadi saling tatap, seolah kedua pasang mata sudah saling mengerti apa yang akan digerakkan nanti.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Latihan melenturkan tubuh.</strong></li>
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<span lang="FR">seseorang berdiri dalam keadaan lemas. Kemudian seorang lagi membantu mengangkat tangan temannya. Setelah sampai atas dijatuhkan. Dapat juga sebelum dijatuhkan lengan / tangan tersebut diputar-putar terlebih dahulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Latihan gerak bersama.</strong></li>
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suatu kelompok yang terdiri dari beberapa orang melakukan gerakan yang sama seperti dilakukan oleh pemimpin kelompok tersebut, yang berdiri didepan mereka.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Latihan gerak mengalir.</strong></li>
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suatu kelompok yang terdiri beberapa orang saling bergandengan tangan, membentuk lingkaran. Kemudian salah seorang mulai melakukan gerakan ( menggerakkan tangan atau tubuh ) dan yang lain mengikuti gerakan tangan orang yang menggandeng tangannya. Selama melakukan gerakan, tangan kita jangan sampai terlepas dari tangan teman kita. Latihan ini dilakukan dengan memejamkan mata dan konsentrasi, sehingga akan terbentuk gerakan yang artistik.</div>
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<strong>GERAK DAN VOKAL</strong></div>
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Setelah kita berlatih tentang vokal dan gerak secara terpisah, maka sekarang kita mencoba untuk memadukan antara vokal dan gerak. Banyak bentuk-bentuk latihan yang dapat dilakukan, antara lain mengucapkan kalimat yang panjang sambil berlari-lari, melompat, jongkok, bergulung-gulung, atau juga bisa dengan memutar-mutar kepala, memutar-mutar tubuh, dan sebagainya.</div>
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Latihan ini berguna sekali bagi kita pada waktu acting. Tujuannya adalah agar vokal dan gerak kita selalu serasi, agar gerak kita tidak terlalu banyak berpengaruh pada vokal.<br /> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>BAB IV<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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<strong>PENGGUNAAN PANCAINDERA DALAM TEATER</strong></div>
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<br /></div>
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Manusia yang normal dikaruniai Tuhan dengan lima panca indera secara utuh. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita selalu menggunakan panca indera kita tersebut, baik secara bersama-sama ataupun sendiri-sendiri. Dalam teater kita juga harus menggunakan indera kita dengan baik agar dapat memainkan suatu peran dengan baik pula.</div>
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Supaya alat-alat indera kita dapat bekerja semaksimal mungkin, tentu saja harus dilatih. Hal ini sangat perlu dalam teater untuk membantu kita dalam membentuk ekspresi. Bentuk-bentuk latihan yang dapat dilakukan, antara lain :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Mata</strong></li>
</ol>
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Duduk bersila sambil menatap suatu titik di dinding. Konsentrasi hanya pada titik tersebut. Usahakan menatap titik tersebut tanpa berkedip, selama mungkin.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Telinga</strong></li>
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¨ Duduk bersila, pejamkan mata. Sementara itu seseorang mengetuk-ngetuk sesuatu pada beberapa macam benda, dimana setiap benda memiliki nada / suara yang berlainan. Hitunglah berapa kali ketukan pada benda yang sudah ditentukan.</div>
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¨ Duduklah ditepi jalan yang ramai, sambil memejamkan mata. Cobalah untuk mengenali suara apa saja yang masuk ke telinga, misalnya suara truk, bus, sepeda motor, suara tawa seseorang diatas sepeda motor, suara sepatu diatas trotoar,dsb.</div>
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<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Hidung</strong></li>
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¨ Duduk ditepi jalan sambil memejamkan mata, kemudian cobalah untuk mengenali bau apa yang ada disekitar kita. Misalnya bau keringat orang yang lewat didepan kita, bau parfum, asap knalpot, asap rokok, atau tanah yang baru disiram hujan, dsb.</div>
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¨ Ciumlah tangan, kaki, pakaian, dan jika bisa seluruh tubuh kita, rasakan dan hayati benar-benar bagaimana baunya.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Kulit</strong></li>
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¨ Rabalah tangan, kaki, kepala dan seluruh tubuh kita, juga pakaian kita. Rasakan dan kenalilah tubuh kita itu, cari perbedaan antara setiap tubuh.</div>
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¨<span lang="FR"> Rabalah dinding, lantai, meja, atau benda-benda lain. </span>Perhatikanlah bagaimana rasanya, dingin atau panas. Juga sifatnya halus atau kasar dan coba juga mengenali bentuknya. Lakukan latihan ini dengan mata terpejam.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Lidah</strong></li>
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¨ Rabalah dengan lidah bagaimana bentuk mulut kita, bagaimana bentuk gigi, langit-langit, bibir, dsb.</div>
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¨ Rasakan dengan menjilat, bagaimana rasa dari sebuah kancing baju, sapu tangan, batang pensil, tangan yang berkeringat,dsb.</div>
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<strong>BAB V<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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<strong>KARAKTERISASI</strong></div>
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Karakterisasi adalah suatu usaha untuk menampilkan karakter atau watak dari tokoh yang diperankan. Tokoh-tokoh dalam drama, adalah orang-orang yang berkarakter. Jadi seorang pemain drama yang baik harus bisa menampilkan karakter dari tokoh yang diperankannya dengan tepat. Dengan demikian penampilannya akan menjadi sempurna karena ia tidak hanya menjadi figur dari seorang tokoh saja, melainkan juga memiliki watak dari tokoh tersebut.</div>
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Agar kita dapat memainkan tokoh yang berkarakter seperti yang dituntut naskah, maka kita harus terlebih dahulu mengenal watak dari tokoh tersebut. Suatu misal, kita dapat peran menjadi seorang pengemis. Nah, kita harus mengenal secara lengkap bagaimana sifat-sifatnya, tingkah lakunya, dsb. Apakah dia seorang yang licik, pemberani, atau pengecut, alim, ataukah hanya sekedar kelakuan yang dibuat-buat.</div>
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Demikianlah, kita menyadari bahwa untuk memerankan suatu tokoh, kita tidak hanya memerankan jabatannya, tetapi juga wataknya. <span lang="FR">Misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Tokoh (A) … jabatan (lurah) … watak (licik, pura-pura, pengecut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Tokoh (B) … jabatan (jongos) … watak (baik hati, ramah, jujur, mengalah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Untuk melatih karakteristik dapat dipakai cara sebagai berikut :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Dengan menirukan gerak-gerak dasar yang biasa dilakukan oleh pengemis, kakek, anak kecil, pemabuk, orang buta, dsb. (yang dimaksud dengan gerak-gerak dasar disini adalah cirri-ciri khas)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Dua orang atau lebih, berdiri dan berkonsentrasi, kemudian salah satu memberi perintah kepada temannya untuk bertindak / berlaku sebagai tokoh dari apa yang diceritakan. Untuk membantu memberi suasana, dapat memakai musik pengiring.</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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Untuk memperdalam mengenai karakteristik, maka agaknya perlu juga kita mempelajari observasi, ilusi, imajinasi dan emosi. Untuk itu marilah kita kenali satu persatu.</div>
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<strong>OBSERVASI</strong></div>
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Observasi adalah suatu metode untuk mempelajari / mengamati seorang tokoh. Bagaimana tingkah lakunya, cara hidupnya, kebiasaannya, pergaulannya, cara bicaranya, dsb. Setelah kita mengenal segala sesuatu tentang tokoh tersebut, kita akan mengetahui wujud dari tokoh itu. Setelah itu baru kita menirukannya. Dengan demikian kita akan menjadi tokoh yang kita ingini.</div>
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<strong>ILUSI</strong></div>
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Ilusi adalah bayangan atas suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi maupun yang telah terjadi, baik yang dialami sendiri maupun yang tidak. Kejadian itu dapat berupa pengalaman, hasil observasi, mimpi, apa yang dilihat, dirasakan, ataupun angan-angan, kemungkinan-kemungkinan, ramalan, dsb.</div>
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<span lang="FR">Cara-cara melatihnya antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Menyampaikan data-data tentang suatu kecelakaan, kebakaran, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Bercerita tentang perjalanan keliling pulau Jawa, ketika dimarahi guru, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Menyampaikan pendapat tentang lingkungan hidup, sopan santun dikampung, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Menyampaikan keinginan untuk menjadi raja, polisi, dewa, burung, artis, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Berangan-angan bahwa kelak akan terjadi perang antar planet, dsb.</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<strong>IMAJINASI</strong></div>
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Imajinasi adalah suatu cara untuk menganggap sesuatu yang tidak ada menjadi seolah-olah ada. Kalau ilusi obyeknya adalah peristiwa, maka imajinasi obyeknya benda atau sesuatu yang dibendakan. Tujuannya adalah agar kita tidak hanya selalu menggantungkan diri pada benda-benda yang kongkrit. Juga diatas pentas, penonton akan melihat bahwa apa yang ditampilkan tampak benar-benar terjadi walaupun sesungguhnya tidak terlihat, benar-benar dialami sang pelaku. Kemampuan untuk berimajinasi benar-benar diuji bilamana kita sedang memainkan sebuah pantomim.</div>
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Sebagai contoh, dalam naskah OBSESI, terjadi dialog antara pemimpin koor dengan roh suci. Roh suci disini hanya terdengar suaranya, tetapi pemain harus menganggap bahwa roh suci benar-benar ada. Dalam contoh lain dapat kita lihat pada sebuah naskah yang didalamnya terdapat sebuah dialog, sebagai berikut : “ <em>Hei letnan, coba perhatikan perempuan berkaca mata gelap didepan toko itu. Perhatikan topi dan tas hitam yang dipakainya. Rasa-rasanya aku pernah melihat tas dan topi itu dipakai Nyonya Lisa beberapa saat sebelum terjadi pembunuhan</em>”. Yang dibicarakan tokoh diatas sebenarnya hanya khayalan saja. Perempuan berkaca mata gelap, bertopi, dan bertas hitam tidak terlihat atau tidak tampak dalam pentas.</div>
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Telah disebutkan bahwa obyek imajinasi adalah benda atau sesuatu yang dibendakan, termasuk disini segala sifat dan keadaannya. Sebagai latihan dapat dipakai cara-cara sebagai berikut :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Sebutkan sebanyak mungkin benda-benda yang terlintas di otak kita. Jangan sampai menyebutkan sebuah benda lebih dari satu kali.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Sebutkan sebuah benda yang tidak ada disekitar kita kemudian bayangkan dan sebutkan bentuk benda itu, ukurannya, sifatnya, keadaannya, warna, dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Menganggap atau memperlakukan sebuah benda lain dari yang sebenarnya. Contohnya, menganggap sebuah batu adalah suatu barang yang sangat lucu, baik itu bentuknya, letaknya, dsb. Sehingga dengan memandang batu tersebut kita jadi tertawa terpingkal-pingkal.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Menganggap sesuatu benda memiliki sifat yang berbeda-beda. Misalnya sebuah pensil rasanya menjadi asin, pahit, manis kemudian berubah menjadi benda yang panas, dingin, kasar, dsb.</li>
</ul>
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<strong>EMOSI</strong></div>
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Emosi dapat diartikan sebagai ungkapan perasaan. Emosi dapat berupa perasaan sedih, marah, benci, bingung, gugup, dsb. Dalam drama, seorang pemain harus dapat mengendalikan dan menguasai emosinya. Hal ini penting untuk memberikan warna bagi tokoh yang diperankan dan untuk menunjang karakter tokoh tersebut. Emosi juga sangat mempengaruhi tubuh, yaitu tingkah laku, roman muka (ekspresi), pengucapan dialog, pernapasan, niat. Niat disini timbul setelah emosi itu terjadi, misalnya setelah marah maka tinbul niat untuk memukul, dsb.</div>
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<strong>PENGHAYATAN</strong></div>
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Penghayatan adalah mengamati serta mempelajari isi dari naskah untuk diterpakan tubuh kita. Misalnya pada waktu kita berperan sebagai Pak Usman yang berprofesi sebagai polisi, maka saat itu kita tidak lagi berperan sebagai diri kita sendiri melainkan menjadi Pak Usman yang berprofesi sebagai polisi. Hal inilah yang harus kita terapkan dengan baik jika kita akan memainkan sebuah naskah drama.</div>
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Cara-cara yang dipergunakan dalam penghayatan adalah :</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Pelajari naskah secara keseluruhan, supaya dapat mengetahui apa yang dikehendaki oleh naskah, problema apa yang ditonjolkan, serta apa titik tolak dan inti dari naskah.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Melakukan gerak serta dialog yang terdapat dalam naskah. Jadi disini kita sudah mendapat gambaran tentang akting dari tokoh yang akan kita perankan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Sebagai latihan cobalah membaca sebuah naskah / dialog dengan diiringi musik sebagai pembantu pemberi suasana. Hayati dulu musiknya baru mulailah membaca.</li>
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<o:p></o:p> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>BAB VI<o:p></o:p></strong></div>
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<strong>BLOCKING</strong></div>
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Yang dimaksud dengan <i>blocking</i> adalah kedudukan tubuh pada saat diatas pentas. Dalam permainan drama, <i>blocking</i> yang baik sangat diperlukan, oleh karena itu pada waktu bermain kita harus selalu mengontrol tubuh kita agar tidak merusak <i>blocking</i>. Yang dimaksud dengan <i>blocking</i> yang baik adalah <i>blocking</i> tersebut harus seimbang, utuh, bervariasi dan memiliki titik pusat perhatian serta wajar.</div>
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<strong>- Seimbang</strong></div>
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Seimbang berarti kedudukan pemain, termasuk juga benda-benda yang ada diatas panggung (<i>setting</i>) tidak mengelompok di satu tempat, sehingga mengakibatkan adanya kesan berat sebelah. Jadi semua bagian panggung harus terwakili oleh pemain atau benda-benda yang ada di panggung. Penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai keseimbangan panggung ini akan disampaikan pada bagian mengenai “<em>Komposisi Pentas</em> “.</div>
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<strong>- Utuh</strong></div>
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Utuh berarti <i>blocking</i> yang ditampilkan hendaknya merupakan suatu kesatuan. Semua penempatan dan gerak yang harus dilakukan harus saling menunjang dan tidak saling menutupi.</div>
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<strong>- Bervariasi</strong></div>
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Bervariasi artinya bahwa kedudukan pemain tidak disuatu tempat saja, melainkan membentuk komposisi-komposisi baru sehingga penonton tidak jenuh. Keadaan seorang pemain jangan sama dengan kedudukan pemain lainnya. Misalnya sama-sama berdiri, sama-sama jongkok, menghadap ke arah yang sama, dsb. Kecuali kalau memang dikehendaki oleh naskah.</div>
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<strong>- Memiliki titik pusat</strong></div>
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Memiliki titik pusat artinya setiap penampilan harus memiliki titik pusat perhatian. Hal ini penting artinya untuk memperkuat peranan lakon dan mempermudah penonton untuk melihat dimana sebenarnya titik pusat dari adegan yang sedang berlangsung. Antara pemain juga jangan saling mengacau sehingga akan mengaburkan dimana sebenarnya letak titik perhatian.</div>
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<strong>- Wajar</strong></div>
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Wajar artinya setiap penempatan pemain ataupun benda-benda haruslah tampak wajar, tidak dibuat-buat. Disamping itu setiap penempatan juga harus memiliki motivasi dan harus beralasan.</div>
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Dalam drama kontemporer kadang-kadang naskah tidak menuntut <i>blocking</i> yang sempurna, bahkan kadang-kadang juga sutradara atau naskah itu sendiri sama sekali meninggalkan prinsip-prinsip <i>blocking</i>. <span lang="FR">Ada juga naskah yang menuntut adanya gerak-gerak yang seragam diantara para pemainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">KOMPOSISI PENTAS<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<strong><span lang="FR"> </span></strong><span lang="FR">Komposis pentas adalah pembagian pentas menurut bagian-bagian yang tertentu. Komposisi pentas ini dibuat untuk membantu <i>blocking</i>, dimana setiap bagian pentas mempunyai arti tersendiri. Berikut ini adalah skema komposisi pentas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong>7</strong></div>
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<strong>8</strong></div>
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<strong>9</strong></div>
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<strong>4</strong></div>
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<strong>5</strong></div>
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<strong>6</strong></div>
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<strong>1</strong></div>
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<strong>2</strong></div>
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<strong>3</strong></div>
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<h5>
PENONTON<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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<span lang="FR"> Kadar kekuatan pentas dapat dilihat pada urutan nomornya. </span>Bagian depan lebih kuat daripada bagian belakang. Bagian kanan lebih kuat daripada bagian kiri. Oleh karena itu jangan menempatkan diri atau benda yang kadar kekuatannya tinggi pada bagian yang kuat. Carilah tempat-tempat yang sesuai agar <i>blocking</i> kelihatan seimbang. Walaupun demikian harus tetap dalam batas-batas yang wajar, jangan terlalu dibuat-buat.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">BAB VII<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">NASKAH<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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Setelah kita mengenal berbagai macam dasar yang diperlukan untuk bermain drama, akhirnya sampailah kita pada naskah. Naskah disini diartikan sebagai bentuk tertulis dari suatu drama. Sebuah naskah walaupun telah dimainkan berkali-kali, dalam bentuk yang berbeda-beda, naskah tersebut tidak akan berubah mutunya. Sebaliknya sebuah atau beberapa drama yang dipentaskan berdasarkan naskah yang sama dapat berbeda mutunya. <span lang="FR">Hal ini tergantung pada penggarapan dan situasi, kondisi, serta tempat dimana dimainkan naskah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> Sebuah naskah yang baik harus memiliki tema, pemain / lakon dan plot atau rangka cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Tema</strong></li>
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Tema adalah rumusan inti sari cerita yang dipergunakan dalam menentukan arah dan tujuan cerita. Dari tema inilah kemudian ditentukan lakon-lakonnya.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Lakon</strong></li>
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Dalam cerita drama lakon merupakan unsur yang paling aktif yang menjadi penggerak cerita.oleh karena itu seorang lakon haruslah memiliki karakter, agar dapat berfungsi sebagai penggerak cerita yang baik. <span lang="FR">Disamping itu dalam naskah akan ditentukan dimensi-dimensi sang lakon. Biasanya ada 3 dimensi yang ditentukan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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v<span lang="FR"> <strong>Dimensi fisiologi</strong> ; ciri-ciri badani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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usia, jenis kelamin, keadaan tubuh, cirri-ciri muka,dll.</div>
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v <strong>Dimensi sosiologi</strong> ; latar belakang kemasyarakatan</div>
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status sosial, pendidikan, pekerjaan, peranan dalam masyarakat, kehidupan pribadi, pandangan hidup, agama, hobby, dll.</div>
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v <strong>Dimensi psikologis</strong> ; latar belakang kejiwaan</div>
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temperamen, mentalitas, sifat, sikap dan kelakuan, tingkat kecerdasan, keahlian dalam bidang tertentu, kecakapan, dll. </div>
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Apabila kita mengabaikan salah satu saja dari ketiga dimensi diatas, maka lakon yang akan kita perankan akan menjadi tokoh yang kaku, timpang, bahkan cenderung menjadi tokoh yang mati.</div>
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Plot adalah alur atau kerangka cerita. Plot adalah suatu keseluruhan peristiwa didalam naskah. Secara garis besar, plot drama dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu :</div>
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§ <strong>Pemaparan (eksposisi)</strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bagian pertama dari suatu pementasan drama adalah pemaparan atau eksposisi. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pada bagian ini diceritakan mengenai tempat, waktu dan segala situasi dari para pelakunya. Kepada penonton disajikan sketsa cerita sehingga penonton dapat meraba dari mana cerita ini dimulai. Jadi eksposisi berfungsi sebagai pengantar cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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§ <strong>Dialog</strong></div>
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Dialog berisikan kata-kata. Dalam drama para lakon harus berbicara dan apa yang diutarakan mesti sesuai dengan perannya, dengan tingkat kecerdasannya, pendidikannya, dsb. Dialog berfungsi untuk mengemukakan persoalan, menjelaskan perihal tokoh, menggerakkan plot maju, dan membukakan fakta.</div>
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§ <strong>Komplikasi awal atau konflik awal</strong></div>
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Kalau pada bagian pertama tadi situasi cerita masih dalam keadaan seimbang maka pada bagian ini mulai timbul suatu perselisihan atau komplikasi. Konflik merupakan kekuatan penggerak drama.</div>
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§ <strong>Klimaks dan krisis</strong></div>
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Klimaks dibangun melewati krisis demi krisis. Krisis adalah puncak plot dalam adegan. Konflik adalah satu komplikasi yang bergerak dalam suatu klimaks.</div>
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§ <strong>Penyelesaian (denouement)</strong></div>
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Drama terdiri dari sekian adegan, dimana didalamnya terdapat krisis-krisis yang memunculkan beberapa klimaks. Satu klimaks terbesar dibagian akhir selanjutnya diikuti adegan penyelesaian.</div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-71608928164952368832012-05-15T20:54:00.000-07:002012-05-15T20:54:25.409-07:00FUNGSI SINTAKSIS KALIMAT<br />
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<span dir="ltr" id="sites-page-title">Kalimat</span>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat adalah arus ujaran yang berisikan kata atau
kumpulan kata yang memiliki pesan atau tujuan dan diakhiri dengan intonasi
final.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri kalimat:</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari satu kalimat atau lebih</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengandung klausa atau tidak</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ditandai
oleh pemakaian intonasi akhir yang final. Intonasi akhir dalam ragam tulis
suatu kalimat ditandai oleh pemakaian tanda titik ( . ), tanda tanya ( ? ),
atau tanda seru ( ! ).</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktur Kalimat</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. <b>Subjek</b> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> unsur yang berfungsi sebagai pokok pembicaraan suatu
kalimat. Fungsi ini umumnya diisi oleh kata atau frase benda (konkret atau
abstrak), namun ada pula yang diisi oleh kata kerja. Contoh: <i>Kakaknya </i>sedang
menulis surat <i>Membaca</i>
adalah hobinya</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. <b>Predikat</b>
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> unsur kalimat yang berfungsi menjelaskan subjek. Umumnya
predikat berada di belakang subjek. Sebagian besar, fungsi predikat diisi oleh
kata kerja, meskipun pada beberapa kasus dapat pula diisi oleh kata benda, kata
sifat, dan frase depan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh: a. Mantan
pensiun itu <i>menikmati </i>masa pensiunnya.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Pencurinya <i>pemuda </i>itu.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. Bunga itu <i>indah </i>sekali.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. Ayah <i>ke</i> kantor. </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>c.</b> <b>Objek
dan Pelengkap</b> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> fungsi kalimat yang letaknya selalu berada di belakang
predikat. Objek diisi oleh kata benda, sedangkan pelengkap dapat diisi oleh
kata kerja, kata sifat, atau kata bilangan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:
a. Ayah bermain <i>catur</i> . </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(berobjek)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. Anak itu kedapatan <i>merokok. </i>(berpelengkap) </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> unsur yang fungsinya menerangkan seluruh fungsi yang ada
dalam suatu kalimat.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> Ciri-ciri
keterangan: kehadirannya bersifat manasuka, letaknya bebas, umumnya didahului
kata depan seperti <i>di, dari, ke, ketika, tentang.</i></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Contoh: a. <i>Kemarin</i>
paman berangkat ke Solo.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Saya dan teman-teman berkumpul <i>di lapangan</i> <i>basket.</i></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Kalimat Berdasarkan Pelaku</span></b></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat
Aktif</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat aktif</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah
kalimat yang subyeknya melakukan suatu pekerjaan atau perbuatan. Predikat dalam kalimat aktif biasanya
menggunakan awalan me- atau ber-. Ditinjau dari ada atau tidaknya objek dalam
kalimat aktif, dikenal 2 macam kalimat aktif</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> yaitu</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kalimat aktif transitif</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kalimat aktif intransitif</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kalimat
Aktif Transitif </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kalimat aktif yang memiliki objek penderita</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. ada objek </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. berimbuhan : me (</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">V</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), memper, memper-I, me ( </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">V</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)- I, me ( </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">V</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kan/ memper-i</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">contoh : <u>Ia </u> <u>mengerjakan</u> <u>tugas itu</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P O</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat Aktif Intransitif </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kalimat aktif yang tidak
memiliki objek penderita</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri : </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. tanpa objek</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. berafiks ber-</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. berkata dasar predikatnya</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">contoh : <u>Ia</u> <u>menjerit</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S
P</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">
<u>Rani</u> <u>menangis</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 43.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat Pasif</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat pasif</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah
kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai oleh suatu pekerjaan. Predikat dalam kalimat
pasif biasanya menggunakan awalan di- atau ter-. Subjek kalimat pasif dikenai
tindakan atau perbuatan yang dinyatakan dalam predikat.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh: Mobil
itu diperbaiki oleh montir.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bajunya dijahit oleh ibunya.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat Efektif</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan
Kalimat Tidak Efektif</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat efektif</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah kalimat yang menginformasikan pesan atau ide
secara tepat (tidak terjadi salah tafsir).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri
kalimat efektif diantaranya :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minimal
ada S-P</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dia
belajar</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S
P</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagi saya, hal itu sangat berarti</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">K
S P</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayah mencintai kami</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P O</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sepanjang
masa</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> K</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Logis
atau masuk akal</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :
Mayat yang terpotong-potong itu mondar mandir dipasar baru.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seharusnya : sebelum menjadi mayat yang terpotong-potong,
ia mondar-mandir dipasar baru.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hemat.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pejabat <u>dari pada </u>Negara itu dirumahkan.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Para hadirin dipersilahkan berdiri.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Catatan : kata bercetak<u> tebal </u>harus
dihilangkan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat Tidak Efektif</span></b></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat tidak efektif atau kalimat nonbaku
yang disebabkan oleh : </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rancu</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> atau kacau yaitu penggabungan dua kalimat yang
benar akhirnya menjadi salah karena tidak sesuai dengan kaidah.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak mengenal tensis.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
K
P O</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seharusnya :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Indonesia tidak mengenal tensis.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
S p O</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atau</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak dikenal tensis.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">K p O</span></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemakaian preposisi yang tidak tepat,</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">misalnya di, ke, dari, untuk, dengan, dalam, pada,
kepada, bagi, mengenai, akan, tentang, dan terhadap.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Contoh<b>
: </b></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di depan
subjek</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam gua itu menyimpan nenek perawan.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> K P O</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seharusnya :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gua itu menyimpan nenek perawan.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P O</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(prep<i>. Dalam</i> dihilangkan)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atau</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam gua itu disimpan nenek perawan.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">K P S</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(pred. dipasifkan)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diantara
predikat dan objek</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(kalimat
aktif transitif)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :
</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ia membicarakan tentang hari perkawinan.</span></u></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P prep. O</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(prep.
Harus dihilangkan)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah penempatan keterangan aspek atau modalitas
dalam bentuk pasif.</span></b></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan aspek atau modalitas: ingin, mau, akan, telah,
sudah, hendak.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saya ingin bicarakan masalah itu kepada anda.</span></i></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seharusnya :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saya ingin membicarakan masalah itu kepada anda. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( aktif )</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ingin saya bicarakan masalah itu kepada anda. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( pasif
)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Kalimat Berdasarkan Kelengkapan Unsur</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat Minor dan Mayor</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat minor</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah kalimat yang mengandung satu unsur pusat. Unsur
pusat yang sering digunakan dalam kalimat minor berupa predikat. Kalimat minor
umumnya digunakan sebagai jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan, perintah, atau seruan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh: </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Besok
pagi. (sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan,”kapan ayah berangkat?”)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ke
pasar. (sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan,”ibu pergi ke mana?”)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerjakan!(perintah)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lari!(perintah)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ani!(seruan)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat
mayor</span></b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah kalimat yang sekurang-kurangnya mengandung dua unsur pusat,
yakni bisa terdiri dari subjek dan predikat (S-P) atau subjek, predikat, objek
(S-P-O) atau lebih dari itu, misalnya ditambah keterangan (S-P-O-K).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh :
</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alam</span></u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u>akan
pergi </u> <u>besok pagi</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P K</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <u>Kerjakan</u>
<u> tugas ini</u> !</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalimat
Berobjek dan Berpelengkap</span></b></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelengkap dalam suatu kalimat adalah unsur yang berfungsi
melengkapi predikat sehingga arti predikat menjadi utuh. Unsur pelengkap dapat
diisi oleh kata benda (nominal)atau kata sifat (ajektiva)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemunculan pelengkap bergantung pada bentuk predikat yang
mendahuluinya.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelengkap akan muncul jika suatu kalimat mampunyai
predikat berikut ini.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kata
adalah dan merupakan </span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pancasila</span></u><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u> adalah </u> <u>dasar Negara Republik Indonesia.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S
P Pelengkap </span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Verbal berimbuhan ber-dan ber-kan </span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Para pejuang</span></u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u> bersenjata</u> <u> bambu runcing.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P Pelengkap</span></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Verbal
berimbuhan ter-</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemandangan
alam</span></u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u> tertutup</u>
<u> awan </u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P. Pelengkap</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Verbal
berimbuhan ke-an </span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh: </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>Motorku</u> <u> kehabisan</u> <u> bensin.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P Pelengkap</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Objek dan pelengkap mempunyai kesamaan, yaitu sama-sama
terletak setelah predikat. Perbedaannya adalah objek dapat berubah menjadi
subjek jika kalimat dipasifkan, sedangkan pelengkap tetep berperan sebagai
pelengkap apabila kalimat dipasifkan.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayah</span></u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u> membelikan</u> <u> adik </u> <u>sepatu.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P O Pelengkap</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adik </span></u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u>dibelikan </u> <u>ayah </u> <u>sepatu.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S
P O Pelengkap </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri objek antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
katanya termasuk kata benda (nominal).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berada
langsung di belakang verbal transitif tanpa preposisi (kata depan)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>Ita</u>
<u> membeli </u> <u>buku </u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
S P O(kata benda)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3. Dapat diubah menjadi subjek jika
dipasifkan.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Contoh: </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>Ita </u> <u>membeli </u> <u>buku.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P O</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika dipasifkan menjadi:</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u>Buku </u> <u>dibeli Ita</u> </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S P O</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4.
Dapat diganti dengan –nya.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Buku dibeli Ita.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Buku dibelinya.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kata ganti <i>–nya</i> kalimat di atas merupakan
pengganti objek (Ita), jabatan pronominanya (pengganti) adalah sebagai objek .</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri pelengkap</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> antara lain:</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
katanya termasuk kata benda, kata kerja , atau kata sifat.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Adik
bermain bola. (bola = kata benda)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Adik
berwajah tampan. (tampan = kata sifat)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Adik
suka berenang. (berenang = kata kerja)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berada
di belakang verbal semitransitif (tidak berobjek, tetapi berpelengkap)atau
verbal dwitransitif (berobjek dan berpelengkap).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>Orang
itu</u> <u>bertubuh</u> <u> raksasa.</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P Pelengkap</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>Ibu
</u> <u>mengirimi</u> <u> saya</u>
<u>kue</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. S P O Pelengkap</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kalimatnya
tidak dipasifkan. Kalaupun dapat dipasifkan, pelengkap tidak mengalami perubahan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur
Pembentuk Kalimat</span></b></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
adalah kelompok kata yang bukan subjek dan predikat, tetapi dapat menjabat
fungsi-fungsi kalimat. </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Inti frase</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Inti
frase adalah bagian frase yang pokok (bagian yang diterangkan)</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh
: Akan <b><u>makan</u></b> lagi </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Inti </span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Pola frase</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> Pola frase dapat
berada dalam kalimat atau dapat pula berdiri sendiri (hal ini berkaitan dengan
hukum DM atau MD dan jenis kata), contoh : <u>suster</u> <u>cantik</u> = <u>makan</u>
<u>pagi</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> D
M D
M</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"> <u>kepala</u>
<u>sekolah</u> = <u>ayah</u> <u>dokter</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> KB
KB KB KB</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umumnya frase terdiri dari frase eksosentrik dan frase
endosentrik<b>. Frase Eksosentrik</b> adalah
frase yang komponen-komponennya tidak mempunyai prilaku sintaksis yang
sama dengan seluruhan. (tidak bisa terpisah/tak bisa dibuang salah satu). Frase
Eksosentrik terbagi :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksosentrik
yang direktif</span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksosentrik
yang non direktif</span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksosentrik yang
direktif komponen pertamanya berupa preposisi di-, ke-, dari-, demi,
dengan, dan komponen ke-2nya berupa nominal benda. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
ini disebut juga frase ase freesisional.</span></span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eksosentrik non
direktif komponen pertamanya adalah si-, sang-, para, yang. Komponen
ke-2nya berupa kata/kelompok kata yang berkatagori benda,
adjektiva/sifat.</span></li>
</ul>
</ol>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan Frase Endosentrik </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah frase yang secara keseluruhan komponennya
mempunyai perilaku sinteksis yang sama dengan salah satu komponen (bisa
dipisah/dapat mewakili).</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah jenis-jenis frase.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan kategori intinya frase dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
nominal (yang menjadi inti kata benda), contoh : rumah baru.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
verbal (yang menjadi inti kata kerja), contoh : jalan cepat.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
adjectival (yang menjadi inti kata sifat), contoh : besar sekali.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
koordinatif : frase yang komponen pembentuknya terdiri dari 2 komponen atau
lebih yang sama dan sederajat dan dapat dihubungkan oleh konjungsi koordinatif,
contoh : Ibu dan bapak, buruh atau majikan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
apositif : frase koordinatif yang ke 2 komponennya saling merujaksesamanya dan
oleh karena itu urutan komponennya dapat dipertukarkan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : 1. Pak ahmad/guru saya/rajin sekali.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. Guru saya/pak
ahmad/rajin sekali.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
antributif, c</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ontoh : Rumah bertingkat,
tangga berjalan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">g)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frase
ambigu : frase yang memiliki makna ganda, contoh : Lukisan ayah.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lukisan ayah </span></u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">itu
hasil karya pelukis terkenal (lukisan milik ayah) </span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayah sedang melukis seekor kucing <u>lukisan ayah </u>bagus
sekali. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(lukisan
hasil karya ayah)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pak suki
Abdullah melukis ayah, <u>lukisan ayah </u>ada di ruang tamu (lukisan mengenai
diri ayah)</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pola
Frase :</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D. Menerangkan : <u>Roti tawar. Teh manis </u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D M
D M</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M.
Diterangkan : <u>seekor kucing</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> M D</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M, D, M : <u>segelas susu coklat</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M D
M</span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klausa</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klausa
adalah satuan sintaksis berupa tuntutan kata-kata berkontraksi predikatif atau
kelompok kata yang sudah memiliki subjek dan predikat, tetapi belum berintonasi
akhir.</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Contoh :
<u>Gadis itu</u> <u>ramah</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">
<u> Manisnya</u> <u>senyum nenek</u></span></span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> S P</span></div>
<div style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
adalah jenis-jenis klausa.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klausa verbal adalah klausa yang predikatnya
berkatagori verba (k. kerja), contoh : <u>sapi berlari</u>.</span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klausa nominal adalah klausa predikatnya berupa
nomina (k. benda), </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">contoh
: <u>kakeknya petani didesa itu.</u></span></span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Klausa ajektifal adalah klausa yang predikatnya kata
sifat, contoh : <u>Ibu guru itu cantik sekali.</u></span></span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Klausa adverbial adalah klausa yang predikatnya
berupa adverbial, contoh : <u>bandelnya teramat sangat</u></span></span></li>
<li style="background: #f2f2f2; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Klausa proposional adalah predikatnya berkatagori
preposisi, contoh : <u>kakak ke pasar baru</u></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">Klausa numeral adalah klausa yang predikatnya berupa kata atau numeralia
(bilangan), contoh : <u>mobilnya 8 benjal</u></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-17201969985146455922012-05-15T20:44:00.000-07:002012-05-15T20:44:12.134-07:00MENGENAI KALIMAT<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalimat<span style="font-weight: normal;"> adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengungkapkan pikiran
yang utuh, baik dengan cara lisan maupun tulisan. Dalam wujud lisan,
kalimat diucapkan dengan suara naik turun dan keras lembut, disela jeda,
dan diakhiri dengan intonasi akhir yang diikuti oleh kesenyapan yang
mencegah terjadinya perpaduan ataupun asimilasi bunyi ataupun proses
fonologis lain. Dalam wujud tulisan, kalimat dimulai dengan huruf
kapital dan diakhiri dengan tanda titik (.), tanda tanya (?), atau tanda
seru (!); dan di dalamnya dapat disertakan tanda baca seperti koma (,),
titik dua (:), pisah (-), dan spasi. Tanda titik, tanda tanya, dan
tanda seru pada wujud tulisan sepadan dengan intonasi akhir pada wujud
lisan sedangkan spasi yang mengikuti mereka melambangkan kesenyapan.
Tanda baca sepadan dengan jeda.</span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Jenis_kalimat">Jenis kalimat</span></h2>
Jenis-jenis Kalimat Kalimat adalah gabungan dari beberapa kata yang
mengungkapkan suatu maksud. Secara lisan, kalimat diiringi dengan nada
bicara, jeda dan intonasi. Secara tertulis, kalimat ditandai dengan
huruf kapital dan tanda baca yang sesuai.<br />
JENIS-JENIS KALIMAT<br />
Kalimat Aktif Kalimat aktif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya melakukan
suatu pekerjaan. Biasanya memiliki predikatnya berupa kata kerja
berawalan me atau ber. Contoh : Nina menulis surat untuk nenek.<br />
Kalimat Pasif Kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai
pekerjaan. Biasanya memiliki predikat berupa kata kerja berawalan di-.
Contoh : Surat untuk nenek ditulis oleh Nina.<br />
Cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif : 1. Subjek pada
kalimat aktif dijadikan objek pada kalimat pasif. 2. Awalan me- diganti
dengan di-. 3. Tambahkan kata oleh di belakang predikat. Contoh : Bapak
memancing ikan. (aktif) Ikan dipancing oleh bapak. (pasif)<br />
4. Jika subjek kalimat aktif berupa kata ganti maka awalan me- pada
predikat dihapus, kemudian subjek dan predikat dirapatkan. Contoh : Aku
harus memngerjakan PR. (aktif) PR harus kukerjakan. (pasif)<br />
<br />
Kalimat Langsung Kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang secara cermat
menirukan ucapan orang. Bagian kutipan dalam kalimat langsung dapat
berupa kalimat tanya atau kalimat perintah. Biasanya ditandai dengan
tanda petik ( “....” ) Contoh : Ibu berkata, “Anis, jangan bermain-main
saja, kamu harus belajar !”<br />
Kalimat Tidak Langsung Kalimat tidak langsung adalah kalimat yang
menceritakan kembali ucapan orang lain. Bagian kutipan pada kalimat
langsung berubah menjadi kalimat berita. Contoh : Ibu berkata bahwa aku
harus rajin belajar.<br />
<br />
Kalimat Berita Kalimat berita adalah kalimat yang isinya memberitahukan
sesuatu. Umumnya mendorong orang untuk memberikan tanggapan.<br />
Macam-macam kalimat berita : 1. Kalimat berita kepastian Contoh : Nenek akan datang dari Bandung besok pagi.<br />
2. Kalimat berita pengingkaran Contoh : Saya tidak akan datang pada acara ulang tahunmu.<br />
3. Kalimat berita kesangsian Contoh : Bapak mungkin akan tiba besok pagi.<br />
4. Kalmat berita bentuk lainnya Contoh : Kami tidak tahu mengapa dia datang terlambat.<br />
<br />
Kalimat Perintah Kalimat perintah adalah kalimat yang bertujuan
memberikan perintah kepada orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu. Biasanya
diakhiri dengan tanda seru (!). Dalam bentuk lisan, kalimat perintah
ditandai dengan intonasi tinggi.<br />
Macam-macam kalimat perintah : 1. Kalimat perintah biasa, ditandai dengan partikel lah. Contoh : Gantilah bajumu !<br />
2. Kalimat larangan, ditandai dengan penggunaan kata jangan. Contoh Jangan membuang sampah sembarangan !<br />
3. Kalimat ajakan, ditandai dengan kata mohon, tolong, silahkan. Contoh : Tolong temani nenekmu di rumah !<br />
<br />
Kalimat Tanya Kalimat tanya adalah kalimat yang isinya menanyakan
sesuatu atau seseorang sehingga diperoleh jawaban tentang suatu masalah.
Biasanya diakhiri dengan tanda tanya (?). Secara lisan, kalimat tanya
ditandai dengan intonasi yang rendah. Contoh : Apakah kamu sakit ? Siapa
yang membeli buku ini ?<br />
<br />
Kalimat Efektif Kalimat efektif memiliki syarat : 1. Secara tepat
mewakili gagasan penulis atau pembicaranya. 2. Menimbulkan gambaran yang
sama antara penulis dengan pembaca atau pembicara dengan pendengar.
Ciri-ciri : 1. Memiliki kesatuan gagasan atau ide pokok 2. Menggunakan
kata atau frase imbuhan yang memiliki kesamaan. 3. Tidak menggunakan
kata-kata yang tidak perlu. 4. Memberikan penekanan pada bagian-bagian
yang penting.<br />
<br />
Kalimat Tunggal Kalimat tunggal adalah kalimat yang hanya terdiri dari
inti kalimat atau satu kalimat. Inti kalimat dibentuk oleh subjek dan
predikat Jenis-jenis kalimat tunggal :<br />
1. Kalimat nominal adalah kalimat yang predikatnya berupa kata benda. Contoh : Saya siswa kelas VI.<br />
2. Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang predikatnya berupa kata kerja. Contoh : Adik bernyanyi.<br />
Perluasan kalimat tunggal dilakukan dengan menambah unsur baru yang
disebut keterangan Dapat berupa keterangan tempat, keterangan cara,
maupun keterangan waktu.<br />
Contoh : Saya siswa kelas VI di SD Negeri Merdeka. Adik bernyanyi dengan sangat merdu<br />shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-46518773423731041972012-05-15T20:39:00.000-07:002012-05-15T20:39:10.163-07:00KONSEP SEJARAH<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui 4 macam sistem ekonomi
pada masa demokrasi liberal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nasionalisasi De javasche Bank</span><b><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasionalisasi
De Javasche Bank menjadi Bank Indonesia pada tanggal 15 Desember 1951 lewat UU
no.24 th 1951 dengan fungsi sebagai bank sentral dan bank sirkulasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Ekonomi Gerakan Benteng </span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program
Benteng adalah suatu upaya menu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">buhkan
wiraswastawan pribumi dan mendorong importir nasional agar dapat bersaing
dengan perusahaan impor asing dengan cara membatasi impor barang barang
tertentu dan memberikan lisensi impornya hanya kepada importir pribumi dan
memberikan kredit pada perusahaan perusahaan pribumi agar dapat berpartisipasi
dalam perkembangan ekonomi nasional. Namun usaha ini gagal, karena sifat
pengusaha pribumi yang lebih konsumtif dan tidak bisa bersaing dengan pengusaha
nonpribumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sistem Ali-Baba<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
ekonomi Ali-Baba yaitu kerjasama antara pengusaha nonpribumi dan pengusaha
pribumi. Pengusaha nonpribumi diwajibkan memberikan latihan latihan pada
pengusaha pribumi dan pemerintah menyediakan kredit dan lisensi bagi usaha
usaha swasta nasional. Program ini tidak berjalan dengan baik karena pengusaha
pribumi kurang berpengalaman.</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rencana Soemitro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pemerintahan kabinet Natsir dalam
priode yang sama, mngeluarkan kebijakan untuk memperbaiki keadaan ekonomi,
terutama dibidang industri. Kebijakan industrialisme dikenal sebagai rencana
Soemitro</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui mengapa pemerintah
mengeluarkan liberisasi undang-undang </span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nasionalisasi De
javasche Bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasinalisasi
De javasche Bank menjadi Bank Indonesia dilaksanakan pada masa Kabinet sukiman (
April 1951-Februari 1952 ). Kebijakan tersebut dikeluarkan berdasarkan
Undang-Undang Nasionalisasi de javasche Bank No. 24 Tahun 1951 pada 5 Desember
1951. Pemerintah memberhentikan presiden de javasche Bank yang lama, yaitu
Dr.Howink dan mengangkat Mr. syafrudin Prawiranegara sebagai presiden de javasche Bank yang baru berdasarkan keputusan presiden RI
NO. 123 pada 12 juli 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara
itu , perubahan nama de javasche Bank menjadi Bank Indonesia (BI ) yang berfungsi sebagai Bank sentral dan
Bank Sirkulasi terjadi setelah dikeluarkannya Undang-Undang NO. 11 Tahun 1953
dan lembaga Negara NO.40 tentang UU pokok BI yang mulai berlaku pada 1 juli
1953.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Nasionalisasi de javasche Bank menjadi
Bank Indonesia ini melengkapi
kepemilikan pemerintah RI terhadap bank-bank peninggalan colonial Belanda. Sebelumnya,
pada Agustus 1946, pemerintah RI secara resmi telah mengambil alih de javasche
Bank Yogyakarta menjadi Bank Negara Indonesia yang dipimpin oleh Margono
Djojohadikusumo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisasi
yang dijalankan pemerintah hanya berpengaruh
positif terhadap jumlah aset yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah. Bekas
perusahaan Belanda telah dikuasai oleh pemerintah. Namun demikian, tindakan
tersebut tidak memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhdap peningkatan kesejahteraan
masyarakat pada umumnya. Usaha ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi krisis keuangan
saat itu dan untuk menata ekonomi
Indonesia ke arah yang lebih baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui sistem ekonomi gerakan
benteng<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawab :</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem ekonomi gerakan benteng merupakan gagsan dari
Dr.soemitro Djojohadikusumo, Menteri Perdagangan pada masa pemerintahan kabinet
Natsir, September 1950-April 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
ekonomi gerakan benteng adalah suatu cara perbaikan dan perubahan struktur
ekonomi peninggalan belanda ke arah
ekonomi nasional melalui gerakan konfrontasi ekonomi. Inti dari tujuan sistem
ekonomi ini adalah untuk melindungi para pengusaha nonpribumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama
1950-1953, kurang lebih sekitar 700 pengusaha
pribumi mendapat kredit bantuan dari program ini:Dalam perkembangannya,
usaha ini tidak mencapai tujuan. Hal ini terjadi
karena pengusaha pribumi lamban dalam usahanya. Bahkan, ada yang
menyalahgunakan bantuan pemerintah ini. Akhirnya, sistem ekonomi Gerakan
Benteng mengalami kegagalan. Setelah kabinet penggantinya, yaitu cabinet
Sukiman. Menteri Keuangan pada cabinet tersebut, Jusuf Wibisono , memberlakukan
kebijakan pemberian kredit kepada para pengusaha pribumi. Kebijakan ini pun
mengalami kegagalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui isi kebijakan ekonomi
dalam rencana Soemitro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pemerintahan
kabinet Natsir dalam priode yang sama, mngeluarkan kebijakan untuk memperbaiki
keadaan ekonomi, terutama dibidang industri. Kebijakan industrialisme dikenal
sebagai rencana Soemitro. Sasaran kebijakan ini lebih ditekankan pada
pembangunan industri dasar, antara lain pendirian pabrik semen, pabrik
pemintalan, pabrik karung, peningkatan produksi pangan, perbaikan saran dan
prasarana pertanian, dan masalah penanaman modal asing.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Footlight MT Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Footlight MT Light";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui sistem Ali-Baba dan dampak
yang ditimbulkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada masa
pemerintahan kabinet Ali Sastroamidjojo I (Agustus 1954-Agustus 1955), menteri
prekonomian Mr.Iskaq Cokrohadisuryo memperkenalkan sistem ekonomi baru yang
dikenal dengan sistem Ali-Baba. Artinya, bentuk kerjasama ekonomiantara
pengusaha pribumi yang diidentikkan dengan Ali dan penguaha Tionghoa yang
diidentikkan dengan Baba. Sistem ekonomi ini lebih menekankan pada kebijakan
indonesianisasi yang mendorog tumbuh berkembangnya pengusaha-pengusaha swasta
nasional pribumi. Pelaksanaan sistem ekonomi Ali-Baba tidak berjalan
sebagaimana mestinya. Para pengusaha pribumi akhirnya hanya dijadikan sebagai
alat bagi para pengusaha Tionghoa untuk mendapatkan kredit dari pemerintah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memasuki zaman
pemerintahan Demokrasi Terpimpin, berbagai upaya dilakukan oleh pemerintah.
Namun, kondisi kehidupan rakyat tetap menderita. Kondisi buruk ini diperparah
dengan tidak berjalannya distribusi bahan makanan dari pusat produksi kedaerah
konsumsi akibat pemberontakan diberbagai daerah. Sementara itu, jumlah uang yang beredar
semakin banyak karena pemerintah terus mencetak uang tanpa kendali. Uang
tersebut digunakan uang mebiayai proyek-proyek mercusuar, seperti <i>Games of the New Emerging forces </i>(Ganefo)
dan <i>Conference of the New Emerging Forces
</i>(Conefo). Akibatnya, Inflasi semakin tinggi dan mencapai hingga 300%. Untuk mengatasi masalah itu,
pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijaksanaan dengan pemotongan nilai mata uang.</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Misalnya, uang
Rp.500,00 dihargai Rp.50,00 dan uang Rp.1000,00 dihargai Rp.100,00. Tindakan
pemerintah tersebut ternyata tidak menambah perbaikan kehidupan ekonomi rakyat.</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sistem Al</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i-</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baba pada awalnya bertujuan untuk memberikan
peluang kepada para pengusaha agar bisa memajukan perekonomian indonesia waktu
itu dengan cara pemberian dana segar pada pengusaha tersebut. sistem ini
mengalami kegagalan karena:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kredit yang
digunakan ternyata tidak digunakan secara benar oleh para pengusaha pribumi
(indonesia) dalam rangka mencari keuntungan tetapi malah dipindahkan kepada
pengusaha tionghoa secara sepihak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kredit yang diberikan
pada awalnya dimaksudkan untujk mendorong kegiatan produksi tapi malah
diselewengkan untuk kegiatan konsumsi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kegagalan
pengusaha pribumi dalam memanfaatkan kredit secara maksimal sehingga kurang
berdampak positif terhadap perekonomian indonesia waktu itu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alasan kegagalan </span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kabinet Ali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jatuh disebabkan
adanya persoalan dalam TNI-AD, yakni soal pimpinan TNI-AD menolak pimpinan baru
yang diangkat oleh Menteri Pertahanan tanpa menghiraukan norma-norma yang
berlaku dalam lingkungan TNI-AD.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persaingan ideologi
juga tampak dalam tubuh konstituante.Pada saat itu negara dalam keadaan kacau
disebabkan oleh pergolakan di daerah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">persaingan antara
kelompok agama dan nasionalis yang<br />
berlangsung sampai awal tahun 1960-an mengakibatkan keadaan politik nasional
tidak stabil.Hal tersebut sangat mengganggu jalannya pemerintahan baik di
tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pusat maupun daerah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ingin menyatukan
pengusaha pribmi & tionghoa,tapi gagal karena pengusaha pribumi lebih
konsumftif dibandingkan dengan pengusaha tionghoa yang menghasilkan.Menjadi
ladang korupsi dan kolusi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang-orang
pribumi yang terlatih dan berpengalaman terlalu sedikit</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaum pribumi
tidak memiliki modal kuat dan nyaris tidak mungkin untuk bersaing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-37632964862633324342012-05-15T20:34:00.001-07:002012-05-15T20:34:48.265-07:00MENGENAL FUNGSI SUM<br />
Pada Microsoft Excel kita mengenal dengan <u><strong>Fungsi SUM</strong></u>. Fungsi ini digunakan untuk menjumlahkan suatu data numerik (data berupa angka). <em>Fungsi SUM</em> ini sering sekali kita jumpai pada pengolahan data yang kita gunakan dikantoran. Sehingga hampir semua operator <a href="http://www.belajarpc.info/" target="_blank">komputer</a> telah mengenal dengan <em>Fungsi SUM</em> ini.<br />
Tutorial ini saya buat ditujukan bagi siswa ataupun operator <a href="http://www.belajarpc.info/" target="_blank">komputer</a> yang sedang <a href="http://www.belajarpc.info/" target="_blank">belajar</a> Microsoft Excel. Mudah-mudahan tutorial ini dapat bermanfaat untuk semua.<br />
<h3>
Mengenal Fungsi SUM</h3>
Secara umum, prinsip fungsi SUM sama dengan menjumlah banyak data, seperti :<br />
7+11+88+14+10+77<br />
Jika kita terapkan kedalam Excel kita dapat menuliskannya sbb :<br />
=7+11+88+14+10+77<br />
Cara
diatas tidaklah salah, tetapi jika kita ingin benar-benar menggunakan
excel, tentu saja harus mencari cara yang lebih simpel dan cepat, yaitu
dengan Fungsi SUM.<br />
<h3>
Penulisan Fungsi SUM</h3>
Format umum penulisan dari Fungsi SUM adalah : <br />
=SUM(A;B;C …)<br />
Huruf
A, B dan C merupakan data angka atau alamat sel dari data yang ingin
dijumlahkan. Argumen yang diwakili oleh huruf A, B dan C ini dibatasi
hanya sampai dengan 30 argumen.<br />
Contoh Penggunaan rumus :<br />
Misalnya saya memiliki data sbb :<br />
<img alt="fungsi-sum-01" border="0" height="76" src="file:///D:/M%20Y%20%20%20D%20A%20T%20A/zhyra%20data/Mengenal%20Fungsi%20SUM_files/fungsi-sum-01[4].png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="fungsi-sum-01" width="162" /> <br />
Penulisan rumus yang tepat jika menggunakan Fungsi SUM adalah :<br />
=sum(B2:D3)<br />
atau dapat juga dituliskan seperti<br />
=sum(B2;C2,D2;B3;C3;D3) atau seperti ini :<br />
=sum(7;11;88;14;10;77)<br />
tetapi
cara yang terbaik dalam excel adalah cara yang pertama. Karena selain
mempercepat pekerjaan dan jika ada data yang berada di cell B2 sampai D3
diubah, maka secara otomatis hasilnyapun akan ikut berubah.<br />
Selamat Belajar.<br />shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-22673354355728694482012-05-15T20:30:00.000-07:002012-05-15T20:30:40.287-07:00TIK tentang EXCEL (modul ke 5)<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KELAS XI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SEMESTER II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Shabiel Zakaria, S.Pd., M.Pd<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIP 19790915
200804 1 004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SMA Negeri 1 Watampone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tahun Pelajaran 2011-2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 25.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul – 5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan Rumus dan Fungsi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Microsoft Office Excel 2007 terdapat lebih dari 300
Fungsi yang mencakup berbagai bidang dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan
seperti untuk perhitungan matematika, logika, statistika, dan sebagainya. Namun
demikian dalam modul ini, kita hanya
akan membahas Fungsi-fungsi yang biasa digunakan saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Modul Ke-5 ini kita akan membahas tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Formula atau rumus yang menggunakan operasi dasar atau
operasi sederhana, seperti penjumlahan (+), pengurangan (-), perkalian (*),
dll. Sedangkan Fungsi yang akan dibahas antara lain Fungsi SUM(), AVERAGE(),
MAX(), MIN(), COUNT(), dan bagaimana mengenal Insert Function. Formula dan
Fungsi tersebut akan digunakan pada sel-sel yang berbeda yaitu alamat relatif,
absolut, dan semi absolut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Menggunakan
perangkat lunak pengolah angka untuk menghasilkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompetensi Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1. Membuat dokumen pengolah angka dengan variasi teks,
tabel, grafik, gambar, dan diagram.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikator</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menjelaskan formula dan fungsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memasukkan data ke dalam cell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegiatan Belajar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PERBEDAAN FORMULA DAN FUNGSI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perbedaan antara Formula dan Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Formula adalah rumus-rumus
yang terdapat pada aplikasi Excel untuk melakukan perhitungan yang diwakili
dengan tanda +, -, *, /, dan ^. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fungsi adalah rumus-rumus yang
terdapat pada aplikasi Excel untuk melakukan perhitungan dengan menggunakan
istilah-istilah matematika, statistik, dan logika. Seperti Fungsi SUM, MAX, IF,
NOT dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">MEMBUAT RUMUS FORMULA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Operasi Dasar pada Formula:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik dua (:), spasi tunggal(),
koma(,) artinya operator acuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda negatif (-) dan (+) berarti
pengurangan dan penambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda (*) dan (/) berarti
perkalian dan pembagian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda (%) dan (&) berarti
persentase dan penggabungan dua string.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda (=), (<), (>),
(<=), (>=), (<>) berarti perbandingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda (^) berarti pemangkatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis Operator<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sesuai dengan operasi dasar di
atas maka ada 4 jenis operator yang digunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Operator Aritmatika, untuk
membentuk operasi-operasi aritmatika, diantaranya +, -, *, /, ^, dan %.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lambang </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fungsi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">+ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Penjumlahan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pengurangan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">* <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Perkalian
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pembagian
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">^ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Perpangkatan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">% <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Persentase
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Operator Perbandingan, untuk
membandingkan 2 buah nilai. Hasilnya adalah <b>TRUE</b> atau <b>FALSE, </b>dengan
kata lain nilai benar atau salah, diantarnya =, >, <,<b> </b>>=, <=, <>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lambang </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fungsi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">= <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sama
dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">< <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lebih
kecil dari <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lebih
besar dari <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><= <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="ES-UY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lebih kecil atau sama dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">>= <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="ES-UY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lebih besar atau sama dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.7pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.3pt;" valign="top" width="203">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tidak
sama dengan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Operator Penggabungan Teks, untuk
menggabungkan data yang berupa teks. Menggunakan operator ampersend (&). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Operator Acuan, untuk
menggabungkan sel-sel yg terdapat dalam sebuah rumus. Diantaranya titik dua,
koma, dan spasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik dua (:) adlh menggabungkan pada semua sel diantara 2 buah sel. Misal,
<span style="color: red;">=SUM(A2:A6)</span> untuk mengacu pada sel A2 sampai A6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:oval filled="f" id="_x0000_s1028" strokecolor="red" style="height: 15.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 149.25pt; margin-top: 99.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90pt; z-index: 4;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 133.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 225.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></v:oval></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Koma (,) atau (;) adlh mengacu pada 2 buah selang sel. Misal, <span style="color: red;">=SUM(A2:A6,B3:B7)</span> atau <span style="color: red;">=SUM(A2:A6;B3:B7)</span>
mengacu pada sel A2 sampai A6 dan sel B3 sampai B7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<v:oval filled="f" id="_x0000_s1026" strokecolor="red" style="height: 15.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 159.75pt; margin-top: 100.95pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90pt; z-index: 2;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 143.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 3in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></v:oval></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo3; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spasi untuk mengacu pada sel hasil perpotongan dari 2 selang sel. Misal, <span style="color: red;">=SUM(A4:D5 B1:C8)</span> artinya mengacu pada sel hasil
perpotongan selang sel dari A4 sampai dengan D5 selang sel B1 sampai C8. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<v:oval filled="f" id="_x0000_s1027" strokecolor="red" style="height: 15.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 146.25pt; margin-top: 107.2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90pt; z-index: 3;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 132pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 225pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></v:oval></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara (aturan) Penulisan Rumus Formula: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rumus atau formula yang
dimasukkan ke dalam excel selalu dimulai dengan tanda sama dengan (=). Artinya
bagi excel tanda itu adalah sebuah rumus, jika tidak maka excel akan
mengartikannya sebagai data biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: a. Rumus: =23+12 atau =A1+A2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> b. Data biasa : 23+12 atau A1+A2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika dalam suatu rumus atau formula terdapat beberapa operator perhitungan,
maka perhitungan akan diproses secara berurutan. Pertama adalah ^, lalu * atau
/, dan terakhir + dan -. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: =23+12/3^2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Namun, urutan operator tersebut dapat diubah dengan mengelompokkannya
dengan tanda kurung (). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: =(23+12)/3^2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain memasukkan angka secara langsung dapat pula menggunakan <b>REFERENSI</b> (nama sel atau range) pada
sebuah formula. Dengan cara mengklik sel atau range yang dituju.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: =(23+12)/3^2 menjadi
=(A1+A5)/B2^2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelebihan-kelebihan
dari <b>Referensi</b> adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika data awal diubah maka nilai pada hasil (sel dimana rumus dibuat) juga
akan berubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika mengcopy (menggandakan) formula tersebut ke sel-sel lainnya maka
secara otomatis formula itu akan menyesuaikan dengan sel tujuannya. Caranya
sama persis saat mencopy data dengan bloking formula dengan menggunakan mouse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara-cara penulisan lainnya
(secara rinci) dapat dilihat pada LKS EKSIS Halaman 49.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alamat Relatif, Absolut, dan
Semi Absolut.</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perbedaan penulisan alamat relatif dan absolut adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alamat Relatif adalah alamat
sel yang dituliskan tanpa menambahkan simbol khusus/tertentu </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">($) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">pada bagian depan nama kolom
atau baris. Jika sebuah formula digandakan dari sebuah sel ke sel-sel lain maka
alamat relatif tersebut akan disesuaikan secara otomatis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Misalnya</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: Formula =A1+B1 yang terdapat pada sel C1 jika
digandakan ke sel C4 maka formula tersebut akan menyesuaikan diri menjadi
=A4+B4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alamat Absolut adalah alamat
sel yang dituliskan dengan menambahkan simbol $ pada bagian depan nama kolom
atau baris. Jika sebuah formula digandakan dari sebuah sel ke sel-sel lain maka
alamat absolut tersebut akan tetap (tidak berubah-ubah). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Misalnya</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: Formula =$A$1+$B$1 yang terdapat pada sel C1 jika
digandakan ke sel C4 maka formula tersebut akan tetap. </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alamat Semiabsolut adalah gabungan antara Alamat Relatif
dan Alamat Absolut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alamat Semiabsolut ada dua yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Di depan nama kolom. Alamat
semi absolut yang diberikan tanda <b>$</b>
di depan nama kolom. Artinya apabila alamat semi absolut itu digandakan maka
nama kolomnya tidak akan disesuaikan, sedangkan nama barisnya akan disesuaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Misalnya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Formula =$A1+$B1</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Di depan nama baris. Alamat
semi absolut yang diberikan tanda <b>$</b>
di depan nama baris. Artinya apabila alamat semi absolut itu digandakan maka
nama baris tidak akan disesuaikan, sedangkan nama kolomnya akan disesuaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 87.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Misalnya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Formula =A</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">$</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1+B</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">$</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">VI.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">MEMBUAT RUMUS FUNGSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seperti sudah disampaikan
sebelumnya bahwa banyak fungsi-fungsi yang terdapat pada Microsoft Office Excel
2007. Namun yang digunakan hanya beberapa saja. Dalam modul ke 5 ini
fungsi yang akan dibahas adalah <b>Fungsi
Statistik, </b>diantaranya: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fungsi SUM(), AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT().
Namun sebelumnya akan dibahas tentang <b><i>Insert Function</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perlu
diketahui bahwa Fungsi yang dimasukkan ke dalam rumus fungsi tidak terbatas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cara Menuliskan Rumus Fungsi:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cara
penulisan diawali dengan tanda sama dengan (<span style="color: red;">=</span>),
kemudian ketik nama fungsi, lalu beri tanda kurung buka dan tutup. Lalu
masukkan argumentasi. Jika argumentasi lebih dari satu maka dipisahkan dengan
tanda koma (<span style="color: red;">,</span>) atau titik koma (<span style="color: red;">;</span>). Terakhir tekan ENTER.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tanda
dalam kurung () setelah nama fungsi diisi dengan argumen/isian data berupa
range yang berisi angka-angka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Contoh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 147.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 360.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">VII.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">INSERT
FUNCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Insert Function</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> berfungsi untuk
menambah fungsi-fungsi lain ke dalam aplikasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kegunaan lain dari Insert Function adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mencari suatu fungsi berdasarkan kegunaannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menampilkan fungsi berdasarkan kategorinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Melihat fungsi apa saja yang tersedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Melihat penjelasan tentang suatu fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Langkah-langkah menggunakan Insert Function adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Klik <b>Menu
Formulas</b> maka akan muncul kotak dialog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Klik Toolbar <b>Insert
Function</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada bagian <b><i>Search for a function</i></b>, masukkanlah
atau pilihlah Fungsi yang ingin digunakan atau bisa menggunakan <b><i>select
a function</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Selain itu dapat pula melalui tanda panah di
samping kiri (pop down) untuk memilih kategori lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perhatikan
gambar di bawah ini (khusus yang diberi lingkaran merah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 278.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 361.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jika memilih fungsi melalui <b><i>select a category</i></b>, maka
daftar fungsi hanya akan menampilkan fungsi-fungsi yang sesuai dengan kategori
tersebut. Jika telah memilih fungsi baru yang ingin digunakan atau ditambah
tekan <b>OK</b>. Perhatikan gambar di bawah
ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 249pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 285pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">VIII.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI
STATISTIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Seperti
pernah dijelaskan sebelunya bahwa begitu banyak Fungsi yang tersedia, maka
Fungsi pertama yang akan dipelajari adalah <b>Fungsi
Stastitik</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI SUM()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi SUM digunakan untuk menjumlahkan
sekumpulan data pada suatu range. Bentuk umum penulisan fungsi ini adalah =<b>SUM(number1,number2,…)</b>. Dimana number1,
number2 dan seterusnya adalah range data yang akan dijumlahkan.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 172.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 253.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI AVERAGE()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-UY" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mencari nilai
rata-rata dari sekumpulan data (range). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk
umum penulisannya adalah <b>=AVERAGE(number1,number2,…)</b>, dimana
number1, number2, dan seterusnya adalah range data yang akan dicari nilai
rata-ratanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 187.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 271.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI MAX()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mencari nilai tertinggi dari sekumpulan
data (range). Bentuk umum penulisannya adalah <b>=MAX(number1,number2,…)</b>, dimana number1, number2, dan seterusnya
adalah range data (numerik) yang akan dicari nilai tertingginya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 180.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 282pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI MIN()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-UY" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Sama halnya dengan fungsi max, bedanya
fungsi min digunakan untuk mencari nilai terendah dari sekumpulan data numerik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 178.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 279pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FUNGSI COUNT()<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mencari jumlah data dari sekumpulan
data (range). Bentuk umum penulisannya adalah <b>=COUNT(number1,number2,…)</b>, dimana number1, number2, dan seterusnya
adalah range data (numerik) yang akan dicari jumlah datanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 172.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 281.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></u></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IX.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkuman<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus Formula
adalah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">rumus-rumus yang terdapat pada
aplikasi Excel untuk melakukan perhitungan yang diwakili dengan tanda +, -, *,
/, dan ^.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus Fungsi
adalah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">rumus-rumus yang terdapat pada
aplikasi Excel untuk melakukan perhitungan dengan menggunakan istilah-istilah
matematika, statistik, dan logika. Seperti Fungsi SUM, MAX, IF, NOT dsb.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cara menggunakan rumus Formula
adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rumus atau formula yang
dimasukkan ke dalam excel selalu dimulai dengan tanda sama dengan (=). Artinya
bagi excel tanda itu adalah sebuah rumus, jika tidak maka excel akan
mengartikannya sebagai data biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: a. Rumus: =23+12 atau =A1+A2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> b. Data biasa : 23+12 atau A1+A2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika dalam suatu rumus atau formula terdapat beberapa operator perhitungan,
maka perhitungan akan diproses secara berurutan. Pertama adalah ^, lalu * atau
/, dan terakhir + dan -. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: =23+12/3^2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Namun, urutan operator tersebut dapat diubah dengan mengelompokkannya
dengan tanda kurung (). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh: =(23+12)/3^2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain memasukkan angka secara langsung dapat pula menggunakan <b>REFERENSI</b> (nama sel atau range) pada
sebuah formula. Dengan cara mengklik sel atau range yang dituju.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh:
=(23+12)/3^2 menjadi =(A1+A5)/B2^2</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cara menggunakan rumus Fungsi
adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Diawali dengan tanda sama dengan (<span style="color: red;">=</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kemudian ketik nama fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lalu beri tanda kurung buka dan tutup. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lalu masukkan argumentasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika argumentasi lebih dari satu maka dipisahkan dengan tanda koma (<span style="color: red;">,</span>) atau (<span style="color: red;">;</span>). Terakhir
tekan ENTER.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda dalam kurung () setelah nama fungsi diisi dengan argumen/isian data
berupa range yang berisi angka-angka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7146891502183607909.post-46201102202725663832012-05-07T20:53:00.000-07:002012-05-15T20:21:08.578-07:00photoshop<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penggunaan Program Aplikasi Grafis Berbasis Bitmap<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Salah satu program aplikasi grafis berbasis bitmap adalah Adobe Photoshop. Cara mengaktifkan program aplikasi lainnya yang beroperasi pada system operasi Windows XP. Untuk lebih jelasnya langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik star menu pada taskbar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik all program<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Adobe photoshop<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kemudian akan muncul lembar kerja Photoshop pada layar monitor seperti gambar di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"> </v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 22.1pt; left: 0; margin-left: 242.9pt; margin-top: 10.95pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 52.6pt; z-index: 52;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-US">Komponen-komponen lembar kerja Photoshop:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Title Bar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Sesuai namanya, Title Bar berfungsi untuk menampilkan judul file aplikasi yang sedang aktif.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Selain menampilkan nama file yang sedang aktif. Tirle Bar juga dilengkapi dengan control menu box dan tombol control yang berfungsi untuk mengatur jendela aplikasi Photoshop. Control menu box ini terdiri atas bagian-bagian sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1109" style="height: 86.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 98.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="53101f" cropleft="44321f" cropright="12393f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Restore : pilihan ini berfungsi untuk mengembalikan ukuran jendela aplikasi ke bentuk semula sebelum diubah ukurannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Move : pilihan ini digunakan untuk memindahkan jendela aplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Size : pilihan ini brfungsi untuk mengubah ukuran jendela aplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Minimize : pilihan ini berfungsi untuk mengubah tampilan jendela aplikasi ke ukuran terkecil yang diletakkan pada baris taksbar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Maximize : pilihan ini berfungsi untuk mengubah tampilan jendela aplikasi satu layar penuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1108" style="height: 39.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 93.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="63594f" cropleft="62450f" cropright="-66f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_i1107" style="height: 42pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 85.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="62937f" cropleft="37350f" cropright="24822f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menu Bar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menu Bar atau disebut juga menu pull-down yang terdapat pada program aplikasi photoshop sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1106" style="height: 22.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 401.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="61928f" cropright="44764f" croptop="1742f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara mengaktifkannya ialah dengan menekan tombol kiri pada mouse satu kali (klik) atau dengan keyboard, yakni menekan tombol Alt + huruf yang digaris bawahi. Misalnya, untuk mengaktifkan menu File ialah dengan menekan tombol Alt + F.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Option Bar<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Option Bar merupakan pilihan tombol yang ditampilkan untuk melengkapi pilihan pada toolbox. Tampilan toolbox akan berubah secara dinamis seiring dengan tool yang digunakan. Cara mengaktifkan atau menghilangkan option bar ini adalah dengan langkah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Window<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Option<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Option Bar akan berubah-ubah sesuai kebutuhan dari toolbox yang digunakan. Berikut ini contoh option bar untuk tool Rentangular Marque e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1105" style="height: 21pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 432.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59328f" cropright=".375" croptop="3024f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Toolbox<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Bagian terpenting dalam proses desain aalah penggunaan toolbox. Toolbox merupakan kumpulan ikon yang berfungsi untuk melakukan editing pada gambar. B</span>ia<span lang="EN-US">sanya, toolbox berada di sebelah kiri layar. Bagian toolbox yang memiliki tanda panah di bagian kanan bawah menunjukkan tombol tersebut masih menyimpan tombol lain yang tersembunyi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Ma</span>s<span lang="EN-US">ing-masing tombol (ikon) dalam toolbox mempunyai nama. Untuk mengetahui nama masing-masing tombol, letakkan pointer mouse (point) pada tombol tersebut. Tunggu sampai muncul tooltips yang akan menampilkan nama tombol dan perintah shortcut (perintah cepat pengganti fungsi tombol tersebut).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengaktifkan atau menyembunyikan toolbox melalui perintah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu window<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Tool<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tanda cek menandakan toolbox dalam keadan aktif. Untuk menyembunyika, ulangi perintah di atas dengan menghilangkan tanda cek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut ini nma-nama tombol yang terdapat pada toolbox.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1060" stroked="f" style="height: 18.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 231.45pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 85;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1061" stroked="f" style="height: 18.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 252.1pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 86;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:textbox> </v:textbox></span></v:shape><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">Melompat ke Image Ready</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_s1059" stroked="f" style="height: 18.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 209.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 84;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1058" stroked="f" style="height: 24.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 180.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 83;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1057" stroked="f" style="height: 24.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 150.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 82;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1056" stroked="f" style="height: 30.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 130.4pt; margin-top: 114.85pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 301.7pt; z-index: 81;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></v:shape><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mengidentifikasi berbagai jenis pallete</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 444.6pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menjelaskan jenis-jenis dan fungsi pallete<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pallette<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photoshop menyediakan fasilitas pallete yang berfungsi untuk monitoring, mengatur, dan memperbaiki gambar. Dalam keadaan defauld, pallete akan ditempatkan bersamaan dalam satu grup. Untuk menmpilkan suatu palette, dapat melakukan langkah-langkah berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu window<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih nama pallete yang akan ditampilkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk menampilkan dan menyembunyikan beberapa atau seluruh pallete dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, antara lain adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menampilkan dan menyembunyikan seluruh pallete, option bar, dan toolbox dengan menekan tombol tab pada keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l50 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menampilkan dan menyembunyikan seluruh pallete yang telah tampil dengan menekan tombol Shift + Tab pada keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jenis-jenis Pallete menurut fungsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Navigator Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk mengatur besar kecilnya tamplan ukuran gambar dalam lembar kerja (kanvas) melalui sebuah salinan miniature gambar. Bagian tengah palltet navigator disebut Thumbnail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Info pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk memberikan informasi bagian image yang ditunjuk oleh pointer tentang persentase campuran warna, titik koordinat, dan osisi pointer mouse dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Color Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk mengatur persentase campuran setiap komponen warna pada foreground dan background, antara lain mode RGB dengan cara menggeser slider untuk menentukan setiap bagian dari mode pewarnaan atau dengan mengklik set foreground color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Swatches Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk mengatur warna dengan menggunkan warna yang disediakan pallete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Styles Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk membuat suatu objek dengan system pewarnaan dan efek yang telah disediakan pallete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">History Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi sebagai pengingat di mana setiap perintah yang telah dilakukan akan terekam dan dipaparkan pada pallete ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Action Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi utuk menjalankan perintah yang akan diterapkan pada gambar yang akan diproses lebih lanjut. Untuk melakukan action yang telah ada, pilih nama action yang telah ada. Selanjutnya klik tombol Play selection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layers Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berguna untuk mengatur layer (lapisan gambar) sehingga memudahkan dalam pengaturan urutan lapisan gambar tanpa mempengaruhi bagian lapisan lainnya. Pada pallet ini, dapatmembuat, menghapus, menggandakan, dan mengatur layer. Dalam keadan default, layer yang baru dibuat akan diletakkan pada bagian paling atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Channels Pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk merekam komponen warna yang digunakan pada gambar. Bagian atasnya merupkan perpaduan atau model warna dari warna-warna yang berada pada bagian bawahnya. Untuk menampilkan atau mematikan salah satu atau seluruh komponen gambar, gunakan tombol Indicates channel visibility<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Path pallete<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Pallete ini berfungsi untuk menyimpan bagian gambar yang dipotong sehingga sewaktu-waktu bagian potongan gambar tersebut dapat ditampilkan kembali. Untuk memotong gambar, dapat menggunakan tool magic wand, lasso atau marquee.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_202" o:spid="_x0000_s1120" stroked="t" style="height: 85.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 8.25pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 138.75pt; z-index: 39;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Navigator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk melakukan zooming pada image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 101.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 101.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_203" o:spid="_x0000_s1119" stroked="t" style="height: 84.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 135.75pt; z-index: 40;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 99.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Info<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 101.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Melihat info tentang jumlah penggunaan warna pada image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 100.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 100.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_204" o:spid="_x0000_s1118" stroked="t" style="height: 84.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 8.25pt; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 137.25pt; z-index: 41;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 99.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 100.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 100.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Digunakan untuk memilih warna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_213" o:spid="_x0000_s1117" stroked="t" style="height: 87pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 135.75pt; z-index: 42;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 99.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Swatches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengatur efek warna pada image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_208" o:spid="_x0000_s1116" stroked="t" style="height: 87pt; left: 0; margin-left: 8.25pt; margin-top: 6.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt; z-index: 43;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 99.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 99.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Styles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 99.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengatur efek warna lain atau model warna yang beda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_205" o:spid="_x0000_s1115" stroked="t" style="height: 84.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9.75pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 135pt; z-index: 44;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 92.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">History<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fungsinya sama dengan undo, data bisa kembali ke langkah selanjutnya dengan sekali klik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 90.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 90.85pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_206" o:spid="_x0000_s1114" stroked="t" style="height: 84.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9.85pt; margin-top: 7.85pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt; z-index: 45;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 96.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 96.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 90.85pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Actions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 90.85pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk melihat perintah-perintah yang telah dilakukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_210" o:spid="_x0000_s1113" stroked="t" style="height: 84pt; left: 0; margin-left: 8.25pt; margin-top: 4.5pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 137.25pt; z-index: 46;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 92.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk dapat melihat jumlah layer yang menyusun sebuah image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_207" o:spid="_x0000_s1112" stroked="t" style="height: 81pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9pt; margin-top: 6pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt; z-index: 47;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 92.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Channels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk dapat melihat layer dengan mengubah warna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_209" o:spid="_x0000_s1111" stroked="t" style="height: 81.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9pt; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt; z-index: 48;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 92.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paths<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk memperlihatkan objek yang telah dibuat (hasil yang telah dibuat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.3pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_211" o:spid="_x0000_s1110" stroked="t" style="height: 81pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9pt; margin-top: 4.5pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt; z-index: 49;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Character<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengatur huruf dalam bentuk horizontal dan vertikal, serta mengatur warna pada huruf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="background: #4BACC6; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-color-alt: white; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.8pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape filled="t" id="Picture_x0020_212" o:spid="_x0000_s1109" stroked="t" style="height: 83.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 9pt; margin-top: 4.5pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 135.75pt; z-index: 50;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.emz"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 92.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 92.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 153.0pt;" width="204"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.05pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paragraph<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 92.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-color-alt: white; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 228.35pt;" valign="top" width="304"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengatur paragraph yang telah dibuat oleh image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr height="0"> <td style="border: none;" width="218"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="5"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="97"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="3"></td> <td style="border: none;" width="302"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 625px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 468.55pt;" valign="top" width="625"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Mendemonstrasikan cara pembuatan dokumen baru<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Untuk membuat dikumen baru pada prisipnya sama seperti program aplikasi lainnya pada system operasi Windows. Langkah-langkah yang harus dilakkan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu File<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik New (Ctrl + N)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1103" style="height: 199.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 318pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Setelah itu akan tampil kotak dialog New<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1071" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x y; height: 27pt; left: 0; margin-left: 197.1pt; margin-top: 137.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 175.5pt; z-index: 96;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1070" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x y; height: 4.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 165.6pt; margin-top: 115.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 207pt; z-index: 95;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1068" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 9.75pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 152.1pt; margin-top: 45.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 220.5pt; z-index: 93;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1067" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 197.1pt; margin-top: 24.05pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 169.5pt; z-index: 92;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape></div>
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1063" style="height: 33pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 372.6pt; margin-top: 39.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 140.25pt; z-index: 88;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1064" style="height: 20.25pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 372.6pt; margin-top: 80.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 140.25pt; z-index: 89;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1065" style="height: 20.25pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 372.6pt; margin-top: 111.05pt; position: absolute; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 140.25pt; z-index: 90;" type="#_x0000_t202"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1102" style="height: 215.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 312pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="21005f" cropleft="9362f" cropright="28718f" croptop="14284f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketik nama file pada kotak isian Name<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 76.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih ukuran lembar kerja pada kotak pilihan Preset, atau atau dapat tentukan sendiri dengan memilih custom stelah isi width dan height sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 76.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan resolusi pada kotak isisan resolution dan tentukan ukurannya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 76.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih mode warna pada pilihan Mode, misalnya RGB<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 76.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan warna background (latar) pada option contents<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 80.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu Klik Ok.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pembuatan dokumen baru adalah sbb.:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukuran gambar dalam memori<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Semakin banyak pixel berarti seakin besar ukuran file<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dimensi absolute<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nilai Widht dan Height menunjukkan dimensi gambar pada pixel. Aktifkn Resanple Image untuk mengubah nilai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Widh dan Height<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ketikkan tinggi dan lebar pada gambar ketika akan dicetak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menjelasakan palet layer dan tipe layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Mendemostrasikan cara membuat layer baru dan menduplikasi layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Memodifikasi pengaturan Blending mode layer, transparansi layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">Menggunakan layer fiil/adjustment, layer style dan organisir layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Palet Layers digunakan untuk mengelola layer-layer dalam dokumen. Jika palet Layers belum tampil dalam area kerja Photoshop, Anda dapat menampilkannya dengan mengklik menu Window > Layers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1101" style="height: 104.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 136.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18821f" cropleft="30506f" cropright="9257f" croptop="11427f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1100" style="height: 104.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 141.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18821f" cropleft="3466f" cropright="35709f" croptop="11763f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 468.55pt;" valign="top" width="625"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Latar belakang warna putih latar belakang transparansi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 468.55pt;" valign="top" width="625"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terdapat berbagai tipe layer, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer Biasa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer biasa berisikan objek gambar yang dapat dimanipulasi dengan tool dan perintah pengeditan gambar secara bebas, sepoerti digeser, diterapkan efek, diatur ransparansinya, dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer Background<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dokumen photoshop baru hanya mempunyai satu layer, yaitu Background. Sesuai namanya, urutan layer Background selalu berada paling bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer background mempunyai karakteristik khusus, yaitu tidak dapat digeser, tidak dapat mempunyai area transparan, tidak semua efek dapat diterapkan, tidak dapat diterapkan transparansi, dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer background dapat diconversi menjadi layer biasa atau sebaliknya dengan cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk mengonversi layer background menjadi layer biasa, klik menu Layer > New > Layer fronm background. Setelah mengonversi layer background menjadi layer biasa, Anda dapat menerapkan pengeditan layer biasa terhadap layer tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk mengonversi layer menjadi layer Bacground, dalam palet layers klik layer untuk mengaktifkannya. Setelah itu klik menu Layer > New > Background from Layer. Sebagai catatan, perintah background from layer hanya aktif apabila dalam komposisi gambar tidak terdapat layer background.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer Teks<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penulisan teks akan ditempatkan pada layer teks. Layer teks juga mempunyai karakteristik khusus, yaitu tidak dapat diterapkan filter. Anda dapat mengonversi layer teks menjadi layer biasa. Akan tetapi hasil konversi membuat teks didefinisikan sebagai gambar. Dengan kata lain teks tidak dapat diedit seperti layaknya teks. Konversi layer teks menjadi layer biasa dilakukan dengan mengklik menu Layer > Rasterize > Type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer Shape<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photoshop mendukung pembuatan dan pengeditan grafik vector. Grafik vector akan diletakkan dalam layer shape. Layer shape memungkinkan pengaturan ulang ukuran atau tampilan objek tanpa mengurangi kualitas gambarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anda dapat mengonversi layer shape menjadi layer biasa, yaitu dengan mengklik menu Layer > Rasterize > Type. Hasil konversi layer shape menjadi layer biasa juga mengonversi grafik vector dalamnya menjadi image bitmap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 468.55pt;" valign="top" width="625"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Mendemostrasikan cara membuat layer baru dan menduplikasi layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Duplikasi layer</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Duplikasi layer akan menggandakan layer yang aktif ke dalam layer baru. Mengapa layer perlu digandakan? Sebelum memulai pengeditan sebaiknya image yang asli diamankan dengan cara digandakan. Selanjutnya kita dapat mengedit image hasil penggandaan, dan tetap membiarkan image aslinya dalam keadaan semula. Dengan demikian, layer hasil duplikasilah yang diedit, sedangkan layer yang berisikan gambar asli tidak terpengaruh oleh pengeditan. Apabila hasil pengeditan ternyata tidak sesuai yang diharapkan, atau hasilnya kurang memuaskan, Kita masih mempunyai image yang asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara menggandakan Layer Background:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Layer > Duplikat Layer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layers klik kanan nama layer, kemudian pilihlah perintah Duplikat Layer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1099" style="height: 117pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 268.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="13947f" cropleft="20375f" cropright="22791f" croptop="35961f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan pengaturan sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan nama untuk layer hasil penggandaan pada kotak As. Seperti contoh di atas Zebra 02. Pemberian nama layer memudahkan pencarian layer tersebut pada saat bekerja dengan dokumen yang mempunyai banyak layer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol ok.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah layer digandakan, dapat mengedit image pada layer hasil penggandaan sebebas mungkin, dan image aslinya teta utuh, yaitu pada layer background.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1098" style="height: 121.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 192.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="16636f" cropleft="45317f" cropright="9243f" croptop="34112f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image051.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Membuat Layer Baru<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1097" style="height: 128.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 211.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18317f" cropleft="43558f" cropright="11028f" croptop="33988f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada gambar di atas memperlihatkan bahwa gambar tersebut mempunyai satu layer, yaitu layer background. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara Menambahkan layer baru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu layer > New > Layer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet layer, lik tombol Create a new layer yang terletak di bagian bawa palet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Apabila kotak dialog New Layer suda tampil, isikan nama layer kemudian klik tombol Ok<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>3. </i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Memodifikasi pengaturan Blending mode layer, transparansi layer</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Photoshop, opacity</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> adalah opsi pengatur transparansi layer. Opacity memungkinkan image pada layer ditampilkan secara transparan. Opacity mempunyai nilai 0% - 100%. Semakin renda nilainya, iamege akan terlihat semakin transparan. Nilai 0 akn menghilangkan iamge, dan nilai 100% akan menampilkan image ke bentuk tampilan solid. Pengaturan opacity pada layer, biasanya digunakan untuk membuat image dalam layer tersebut terlihat membayang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:oval id="_x0000_s1072" strokecolor="#c00000" style="height: 26.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 351pt; margin-top: 10.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 74.25pt; z-index: 97;"> <v:fill opacity="15729f"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:oval><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1096" style="height: 96pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 116.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23862f" cropleft="9663f" cropright="29722f" croptop="7226f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image053.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1095" style="height: 94.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 113.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23694f" cropleft="9767f" cropright="29512f" croptop="6554f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1094" style="height: 99pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 135pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="30126f" cropleft="38860f" cropright="15438f" croptop="20669f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image055.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar asli Gambar telah diberi nilai opacity 50% Letak opacity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Blending mode</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> adalah teknik mencampur (mix) dua layer untuk menghasilakan efek tampilan image yang berada pada layer tersebut. Untuk menentukan blending mode, posisi kedua layer harus berurutan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Opsi Blending mode dalam palet layers untuk diterapkan pada layer</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1093" style="height: 112.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 115.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="22686f" cropleft="39175f" cropright="15229f" croptop="10418f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1092" style="height: 89.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 121.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23190f" cropleft="5881f" cropright="33503f" croptop="6890f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image057.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1091" style="height: 90.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 121.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23358f" cropleft="5776f" cropright="33608f" croptop="7226f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar asli Gambar setelah diberi blending mode, jenis Darken opacity 70%</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan layer fiil/adjustment, layer style dan organisir layer</span></i></b><b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer Fiil/Adjusment digunakan untuk mengatur warna, atau mewarnai layer-layer yang berada di bawahnya. Dengan kata lain, pengeditan warna image dalam layer dilakukan secara tidak langsung dengan membuat layer fiil/adjustment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer Fill/Adjusment tidak mengubah image aslinya. Sehingga jika hasil pengeditan tidak sesuai yang diharapkan, dapat kita menghapus layer fill/adjustment, dan image tetap seperti semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bagian – bagian Fill/Adjusment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1090" style="height: 120.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23358f" cropleft="3361f" cropright="43718f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Layer style termasuk salah satu teknik penerapan efek pada layer. Anda dapat menggunakan layer style untuk membuat efek bayangan, timbul, gradasi, dll.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bagian Layer style<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1073" style="height: 30.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 182.25pt; margin-top: 25.9pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.9pt; z-index: 98;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh hasil pemberian sebagian dari jenis-jenis layer style<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1089" style="height: 204pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 141pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="13443f" cropleft="5356f" cropright="37599f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1088" style="height: 135pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 184.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="32600f" cropright="37389f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image061.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menghapus layer style<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menghapus layer style yang telah diterpkan pada layer dengan menyeret nama layer style ke dalam tombol Delete Layer yang terletak pada bagian bawah palet layer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1074" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="red" style="height: 60.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 51.75pt; margin-top: 76.95pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 48pt; z-index: 99;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block" endarrowlength="short" endarrowwidth="wide"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_43" o:spid="_x0000_i1087" style="height: 148.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 117.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="32096f" cropleft="39070f" cropright="15123f" croptop="10754f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image061.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Organisasi Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bekerja dengan dokumen Photoshop, terlebih dengan dokumen yang mempunyai banyak layer, diperlukan adanya pengorganisasian layer. Hal ini untuk memudahkan Anda mengdit image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Memberi Nama Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemberian nama layer memudahkan pencarian suatu layer pada saat bekerja dengan dokumen yang memunyai banyak layer. Pada saat membuat layer baru, secara otomatis layer akan diberi nama sesuai nomor urut pembuatannya. Anda dapat mengganti nama layer dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet layers, klik ganda nama layer yang akan diganti namanya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah posisi nama layer siap diedit, ketikkan nama baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menyembunyikan dan Menampilkan Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada saat mengedit image, ada kalanya layer perlu disembunyikan atau ditampilkan. Hal ini untuk memudahkan pengeditan, ketika Anda mengedit image tertentu tanpa terganggu dengan tampilan sebuah image yang ada dalam layer. Pengaturan tampilan atau menyembunyikan layer dilakukan dengan mengklik ikon mata dalam palet layers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar dibawah mengilustrasikan ikon mata layer kumbang terlihat, sehingga image pada layer tersebut ditampilkan. Sedangkan pada gambar di sebelah mengilustrasikan ikon mata layer kumbang tidak terlihat, sehingga image pada layer tersebut tidak ditampilkan (disembunyikan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:oval fillcolor="none" id="_x0000_s1076" strokecolor="red" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 12.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: -.4pt; margin-top: 121.05pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 15pt; z-index: 101;"> <v:fill color2="fill darken(118)" focus="100%" method="linear sigma" opacity="0" rotate="t" type="gradient"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1075" strokecolor="red" strokeweight="2.25pt" style="height: 12.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 102.75pt; margin-top: 39.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 15pt; z-index: 100;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:oval><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1086" style="height: 78.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 93.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18317f" cropleft="9557f" cropright="29932f" croptop="12099f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1085" style="height: 78pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 95.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="12099f" cropleft="54403f" croptop="38818f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image063.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1084" style="height: 78pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 103.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18317f" cropleft="9663f" cropright="29932f" croptop="12099f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape> <v:shape id="_x0000_i1083" style="height: 79.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 93.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="12099f" cropleft="54613f" croptop="38649f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image065.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengunci Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fungsi kunci layer adalah untuk mengamankan layer sehingga image di dalamnya tidak dapat diedit. Ada empat perintah kunci layer dalam palet layer, masing-masing mempunyai fungsi kunci yan berbeda-beda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Lock Transparent Pixels</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk menghindarkan area transparan dalam piksel dari pewarnaan. Dengan kata lain, jika kunci ini diaktifkan area dalam transparan tidak dapat diedit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Lock Image Pixels</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk menghindarkan layer dari pengeditan yang menggunakan tool mewarnai, seperti tool Brush, Paint Bucket, dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Lock Position</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, Untuk mengunci layer sehingga posisinya tidak dapat digeser.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Lock All</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk mengunci secara keseluruahan sehingga layer tidak dapat di edit, dalam bentuka apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Penguncian layer dilakukan</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> dengan cara mengklik salah satu tombol kunci. Hasil perintah pengincian layer ditandai dengan adanya ikon gembok pada nama layer yang dikunci. Pelepasan kunci dilakukan dengan mengklik tombol kunci sehingga menjadi redup, atau tidak aktif.<b> </b> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur Urutan Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara defult, layer baru akan ditempatkan di atas layer yang aktif. Anda dapat mengatur ulang urutan layer dengan melakukan cara berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layers klik nama layer untuk mengaktifkannya, kemudian klik menu <b>Layer > Arrange</b> dan pilihlah perintah dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layers, klik dan seret nama layer ke urutan yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">10.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggabungkan Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam bekerja dengan Photoshop jumlah layer yang digunakan mempengaruhi ukuran file, dan memori PC semakin tersedot. Oleh karena itu, setelah melakukan pekerjaan sebaiknya perimbangkanlah untuk menggabungkan layer, sehingga ukuran file dapat terkontrol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terdapat tiga cara untuk menggabungkan layer yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Merge Down</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, menggabungkan layer aktif dengan yang ada dibawahnya, dengan mengklik menu <b>Layer > Merge Down</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Merge Vesible</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, menggabungkan layer yang ditampilkan saja, layer yang disembunyikan tidak ikut digabungkan, dengan mengklik menu <b> Layer > Merge Vesible</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Flatten Image</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, menggabungkan semua layer dala dokumen menjadi layer Background, dengan mengklik menu <b>Layer > Flatten Image</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menghapus Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer yang tidak terpakai sebaiknya dihapus, yaitu dengan mengaktifkan layer yang akan dihapus, kemudian melakukan salah satu cara berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet layer aktifkanlah layer yang akan dihapus, kemudian klik menu <b>Layer > Delete > Layer.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layer klik kanan nama layer, kemudian klik perintah <b>Delete </b> Layer dalam menu konteks yang tampil.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layers aktifkan layer yang akan dihapus, kemudian klik tombol <b>Delete Layers </b>yang teletak pada bagian bawah palet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam palet Layers, klik dan seret Layer pada tombol <b>Delete Layer.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 19.6pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 441.0pt;" valign="top" width="588"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Menentukan warna pada kotak background color dan foreground color<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 441.0pt;" valign="top" width="588"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mendemonstrasikan cara menggunakan tool mewarnai (Brush tool dll.)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 441.0pt;" valign="top" width="588"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Memodifikasi pengaturan warna dan pencahayaan image<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ketika bekerja dengan photoshop, Anda akan sering menggunakan kotak Background Color dan Foreground Color yang terletak dalam toolbox. Kotak tersebut digunakan untuk memilih warna yang akan digunkan dalam mewarnai. Beberapa tool dai perintah pewarnan menggunakan warna dalam kotak Background Color sebagai acuan warna, sebagian lainnya menggunkan warna kotak Foreground Color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1080" style="height: 30.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 318.4pt; margin-top: 40.5pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 97.1pt; z-index: 105;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Switch Foreground and Background Color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kotak Background Color dan Foreground Color di bagian bawah toolbox. Secara default, warna dalam kotak Background Color adalah putih, sedangkan dalam Foreground Color adalah hitam.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1084" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" strokeweight="1.5pt" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 250.5pt; margin-top: 48.2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 67.9pt; z-index: 109;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#205867 [1608]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1083" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" strokeweight="1.5pt" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 255pt; margin-top: 8.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 63.4pt; z-index: 108;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#205867 [1608]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1082" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" strokeweight="1.5pt" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 151.5pt; margin-top: 52.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 50.25pt; z-index: 107;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#205867 [1608]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1081" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#4bacc6 [3208]" strokeweight="1.5pt" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 129.75pt; margin-top: 20.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 80.25pt; z-index: 106;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#205867 [1608]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1077" style="height: 18.15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 39.4pt; margin-top: 12.2pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90.35pt; z-index: 102;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Foreground Color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1078" style="height: 18.15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 318.4pt; margin-top: 42.2pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 90.35pt; z-index: 103;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:textbox> </v:textbox></span></v:shape><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Background Color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_s1079" style="height: 30.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 54.4pt; margin-top: 42.2pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 97.1pt; z-index: 104;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:textbox> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Default Foreground and Background Color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</v:textbox> </span></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082" style="height: 71.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 93pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29743f" cropright="61966f" croptop="31424f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menentukan warna Background Color dan Foreground Color sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik kotak Background Color atau Foreground Color<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam kotak dialog color picker, tentukan warna yang diinginkan. Setelah itu tekan tombol OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara menentukan warna pada kotak Dialog Color Picker adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketik rumus pada kotak # misalnya: # FF8A00 untuk warna Orange seperti gambr di bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Masukkan nilai pada kotak RGB. Contoh warna Biru Tua : R = 0, G = 51, B = 153<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3201]" id="_x0000_s1108" strokecolor="#4f81bd [3204]" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 34.15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.5pt; margin-top: 245.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 29.25pt; z-index: 133;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></span></v:fill></v:roundrect><v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3201]" id="_x0000_s1085" strokecolor="#4f81bd [3204]" strokeweight="2.5pt" style="height: 15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.5pt; margin-top: 126.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 43.5pt; z-index: 110;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#868686"> </v:shadow></span></v:fill></v:roundrect><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1081" style="height: 150pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 207pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="16468f" cropright="36339f" croptop="20267f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image067.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1080" style="height: 150pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 211.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="16636f" cropright="35919f" croptop="20333f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Membalikkan warna yang terdapat dalam Background Color sehingga menjadi warna Foreground, dan sebaliknya, yaitu dengan mengklik tombol switch Foreground and Banckground Color. Warna Background Color dan Foreground Color bisa juga dikembalikan ke warna defaulnya, yaitu putih untuk becground color, dan hitam untuk Foreground Color, dengan mengklik tombol Default Foreground and Bacground Color. Seperti pada gambar di atas.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menggunakan Tool Mewarnai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Brush<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Tool Brush</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> merupakan simulasi dari kuas yang digunakan untuk melukis. Tool ini mewarnai area dengan mengacu warna dalam Foreground Color.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut adalah teknik menggunakan tool Brush.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Brush<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Option Bar tool Brush, lakukan pengaturan:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol menu Brush, kemudian tentukan ukuran tool dengan menyeret slider dalam kotak Master Diameter, dan tentukan ketajaman batas kuas dengan menyeret slider dalam kotak Hardness. Semakin tinggi nilai Hardness, semakin tajam batas sapuan kuas.Dapat juga kita memilih pengaturan tool pada kotak Preset.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihan mode tool dalam kotak Mode untuk menentukan efek hasil penyapuan kuas tool<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Opacity untuk menentukan tingkat transparansi sapuan kuas tool.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Flow untuk menetukan jarak diantara sapuan kuas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Warna yang dihasilkan tool Brush mengacu pada warna dalam kotak Foreground Color. Oleh karena itu, tentukan warna kotak Foreground Color.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik dan seret tool Brush dalam kanvas secara bebas untuk menggambar karya seni<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1079" style="height: 19.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 309pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59256f" cropright="39166f" croptop="3679f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image069.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1089" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.8pt; left: 0; margin-left: 396.75pt; margin-top: 34.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 114;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1088" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.8pt; left: 0; margin-left: 314.25pt; margin-top: 34.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 113;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1087" style="height: 23.2pt; left: 0; margin-left: 360.35pt; margin-top: 11.25pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 88.15pt; z-index: 112;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <v:textbox><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:textbox></v:shape></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hardness = 100</span></div>
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</td> </tr>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1086" style="height: 23.2pt; left: 0; margin-left: 272.8pt; margin-top: 11.25pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 75.55pt; z-index: 111;" type="#_x0000_t202"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:textbox> </v:textbox></span></v:shape><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hardness = 0</span></div>
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</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1078" style="height: 180.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 201.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="37137f" cropleft="638f" cropright="51703f" croptop="6280f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image069.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1077" style="height: 135pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 147pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="22518f" cropleft="8087f" cropright=".5625" croptop="6721f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Pencil<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pengaturan opsi dan cara penggunaan tool Pencil sama seperti tool Brush. Yang membedakan adalah, tool Pencil biasa digunakan untuk membuat garis batas objek (stroke). Sedangkan tool Brush cenderung digunakan untuk membuat objeknya (fill).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam Toolbox, tool Pencil diletakkan satu kelompok dengan tool Brush. Jika tool Pencil tidakterlihat, anda dapat mengklik tombol segitiga dalam kelompok tool tersebut sehingga tampil opsi tool-tool dalamnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Paint Bucket<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Paint Bucket digunkan utuk mewarnai area dalam kanvas, dengan menggunakan warna berdasarkan warna dalam kotak Foreground Color, atau corak yang telah disediakan program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut adalah teknik menggunakan tool Paint Bucket.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 73.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Toolbox aktifkan tool <b>Paint Bucket</b> dengan mengklik tombol tool tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 73.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Options Bar tool Pain Bucket, lakukan pengaturan berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah opsi Foreground untuk mewarnai area berdasarkan warna dalam kotak Foreground Color.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah opsi Pattern untuk mewarnai area berdasarkan warna corak yang dapat Anda pilih dalam kotak Pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah mode tool untuk menentukan efek hasil pewarnaan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Opacity untuk menentukan tingkat transparansi dalam mewarnai area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Tolerance untuk menentukan toleransi warna yang masuk dalam jangkauan pewarnaan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tandai kotak Anti-aliased untuk memperhalus batas pewarnaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 109.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tandai kotak Contigous untuk mewarnai area yang saling terkait (menempel).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 73.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool <b>Paint Bucket</b> dalam area kanvas untuk mewarnainya. Jika Anda memilih opsi Foreground Color terlebih dahulu, baru kemudian mewarnai. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1076" style="height: 21pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 330pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59150f" cropleft="-105f" cropright="28253f" croptop="3361f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image071.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1075" style="height: 70.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 165.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="46883f" cropleft="5567f" cropright="46736f" croptop="6386f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image071.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar di bawah mengilustrasikan hasil penentuan nilai Tolerance. Gambar di sebelah kiri merupakan ilustrasi hasil mewarnai dengan nilai Tolerance sebesar 20. Sedangkan di sebelah kanan merupakan ilustrasi mewarnai dengan nilai Tolerance sebesar 50.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terlihat bahwa jangkauan pewarnaan gambar di sebelah kanan lebih luas dari gambar disebelah kiri. Hal ini karena nilai toleransi gambar di sebelah kanan lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1074" style="height: 127.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 187.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="28063f" cropleft="15439f" cropright="23946f" croptop="8906f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image072.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1073" style="height: 127.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 187.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="27727f" cropleft="15439f" cropright="23946f" croptop="9242f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image073.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar di bawah mengilustrasikan penggunaan opsi Contigous dalam tool Paint Bucket. Gambar di sebelah kiri merupakan ilustrasi hasil kotak Contigous dikosongkan, sehingga area yang diwarnai hanya area yang saling terkait dengan sampel warna yang diambil (tempat yang diklik tool Paint Bucket).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sedangakan gambar di sebelah kanan merupakan ilustrasi hasil kotak Contigous ditandai, sehingga semua area yang masuk kedalam jangkauan toleransi sampel warna akan diwarnai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 100.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 147.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="28063f" cropleft="15439f" cropright="23736f" croptop="8906f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071" style="height: 96pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 139.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="28567f" cropleft="15439f" cropright="24156f" croptop="9914f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image075.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunkan Tool Gradient<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Gradient digunakan untuk mewarnai area dengan lebih dari satu warna dengan menerapkan efek gradasi diantara warna-warna yang digunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam Toolbox, tool Gradient diletakkan satu kelompok dengan tool Paint Bucket. Jika tool Gradient tidak terlihat, Anda dapat mengklik tombol segitiga dalam kelompok tool tersebut sehingga tampil opsi tool-tool didalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara default, tool Gradient akan mewarnai area mengacu warna dalam kotak Foreground Color dan Background Color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anda dapat menggunakan tool Gradient dengan cara berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Toolbox aktifkan tool <b>Gradient</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan warna untuk kotak Foreground Color dan Background Color.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam Options Bar tool Gradient, tentukan tipe gradasi warna yang akan dibuat dengan mengklik salah satu tombol, yaitu Linear, Radial, Angel, Reflected, atau Diamond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik dan seret tool Gradient dalam kanvas untuk mewarnai areanya dengan warna gradasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anda juga dapat menggunakan pengaturan warna gradasi yang disediakan program, yaitu dengan memilihnya dalam kotak Preset gradasi warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:roundrect arcsize="10923f" id="_x0000_s1090" style="height: 31.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 100.5pt; margin-top: 27.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 1in; z-index: 115;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:roundrect><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gambar-gambar berikut ini memperlihatkan hasil menggunakan tool Gradient dalam berbagai tipe gradasi warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1091" o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#8064a2 [3207]" strokeweight="1.5pt" style="flip: x; height: 90.15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 64.5pt; margin-top: 8.95pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .75pt; z-index: 116;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:shadow color="#3f3151 [1607]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective"> </v:shadow></span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1070" style="height: 18.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 453.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59655f" cropright="26887f" croptop="3361f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069" style="height: 118.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 103.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="18988f" cropleft="13023f" cropright="30457f" croptop="6890f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1068" style="height: 58.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 52.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="36633f" cropleft="15544f" cropright="39280f" croptop="10083f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067" style="height: 58.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 52.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="36633f" cropleft="15544f" cropright="39489f" croptop="10083f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image079.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_34" o:spid="_x0000_i1066" style="height: 60.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 55.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="36801f" cropleft="15544f" cropright="39175f" croptop="9914f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1065" style="height: 59.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 54.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="36801f" cropleft="15544f" cropright="39280f" croptop="10083f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image081.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_40" o:spid="_x0000_i1064" style="height: 59.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 51.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="36633f" cropleft="15754f" cropright="39489f" croptop="9914f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menguasai Teknik Pengaturan Warna & Pencahayaan Image<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063" style="height: 165pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 2in;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="24366f" cropleft="2941f" cropright="44216f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image083.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Photoshop menyediakan menu <b>Image Adjustment</b> yang di dalamnya terdapat sub menu-sub menu pengaturan warna dan pencahayaan image. Anda dapat menggunakan salah satu perintah untuk mengubah warna image, atau mengatur ulang tingkat pencahayaan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Brightness/Contrast<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menu <b>Image > Image Adustment > Brightness/Contrast</b> berfungsi untuk mengatur tingkat terang dan kontras image. Perintah ini memungkinkan Anda membuat image terlihat lebih gelap dari warna aslinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mengatur warna pencahayaan image, lakukan langkah-langkah berikut ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu Image > Adjusment > Brightness / Contrast<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog Brightness?Contras yang tampil, aturlah nilai Brightness dan Contrast dengan menggeser Slider ke kiri atau ke kanan, atau mengisihkan nilai secara langsung . Setelah itu klik tombol OK.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 52.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 117.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="37977f" cropleft="6827f" cropright="42115f" croptop="15795f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Desaturate<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah Desaturate berfungsi untuk mengatur warna pada image menjadi warna grayscale atau tingkat warna abu-abu. Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Iamge > Adjusment > Desaturate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Hue/Saturate<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah Hue/Saturation berfungsi unuk megubah warna, mengatur tingkat warna, dan pencayaan image. Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu Image > Adjusment > Hue/Saturation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog nya lakukan pengaturan sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 91.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 129pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="25542f" cropleft="6301f" cropright="38229f" croptop="16132f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image085.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Curves<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah curves digunakan untuk mengedit warna image dengan control pengeditan banyak, sehingga mampu menghasilkan variasi warna yang menarik. Pengeditan warna dalam perintah ini menggunakan media grafik. Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu Image > Adjusment > Curves<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog curves, lakukan pengaturan sbb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah opsi Blue pada kotak Chanel<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik dan seret handle kurva ke bawah sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik di atas garis kurva untuk menambahkan handle, kemudian atur posisi handle baru dengan menyeretnya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klik OK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menunjukkan cara membatalkan perintah pengeditan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengenal snapshot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Manipulasi Image menggunakan statement palet history<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Bekerja Dengan Palet History<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Palet histori digunakan untuk merekam setiap perintah pengeditan yang dilakukan dalam bentuk <i>statement</i>. Perekaman dimulai pada saat membuat dokumen baru, atau membuka dokumen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sebagai contoh : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Statement pertama pada palet history Statement kedua pada palet history<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1107" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 5.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 203.25pt; margin-top: 36.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 25.5pt; z-index: 132;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1106" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 3pt; left: 0; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-top: 29.85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 23.25pt; z-index: 131;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:oval id="_x0000_s1095" style="height: 16.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: .35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 32.25pt; z-index: 120;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:oval><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 69pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 131.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="31424f" cropleft="34974f" cropright="15018f" croptop="21005f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image089.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 68.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 126pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="31424f" cropleft="34974f" cropright="14913f" croptop="20501f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image090.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perekaman perintah pengeditan kedua, yaitu duplikasi layer, dalam statement kedua<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada palet histori, statement yang aktif, merupakan tampilan terakhir image dalam kanvas. Perekaman perintah pengeeditan memungkinkan adanya pembatalan pengeditan yang telah dilakukan dengan mengklik statement pengeditan yang akan dipertahankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 108pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 165.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="28735f" cropleft="34973f" cropright="15019f" croptop="20669f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image091.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar di atas memperlihatkan statemen Texturizer dalam keadaan aktif, yang berarti penerapan Motion Blur dibatalka</span>n.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengenal Snapshot<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photoshop menyediakan fitur snapshot untuk mempertahankan keaslian gambar image. Fitur ini diletakkan dalam kolom paling atas pada palet History. Apabila hasil pengeditan ternyata kurang memuaskan, kita dapat kembali ke tampilan awal image dengan mengklik snapshot tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara default, Photoshop hanya menyediakan satu snapshot, yaitu tampilan awal pada saat dokumen dibuka. Kita dapat menambahkan snapshot jika diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh pembatalan semua pengeditan dengan mengklik snapshot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:oval id="_x0000_s1096" strokecolor="#c00000" style="height: 12pt; left: 0; margin-left: 146.25pt; margin-top: 11.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 15.75pt; z-index: 121;"> <v:fill opacity="0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:fill></v:oval><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 108pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 112.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="20837f" cropleft="34868f" cropright="14913f" croptop="20501f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 108pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 111pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="20501f" cropleft="35079f" cropright="14913f" croptop="20837f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image093.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Manipulasi Image menggunakan statement palet h</span></b><b>I</b><b><span lang="EN-US">story<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kita dapat memanipulasi image menggunakan statement pada palet history. Tool yang diguankan adalah History Brush.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 02 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gandakan layer background, kemudian beri nama mobil untuk layer hasil penggandaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet leyer aktifkan layer mobil, kemudian klik menu filter > texture > texturizer. Pada kotak dialog Texturizer, pilihlah tipe Canvas, aturlah opsi sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Filter > Artistic > Cutout, dengan pengaturan opsi sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Filter > Blur > Motion Blur, dengan pengaturan opsi sbb.:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai 10 pada kotak Angle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan 360 pada kotak Distance<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox aktifkan tool History Brush, kemudian tentukan sumer untuk memanipulasi image. Pada palet hisyory, klik kota sumber History Brush pada statemen Texturize. Perhatian! Klik kotak sumber bukan statement-nya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l77 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan nilai opacity tool pada option Bar sebesar 50 %. Setelah itu sapukan tool history brush pada sebagian area layer mobil, tampilan area akan kembali pada filter Texturizer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l77 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet History, klik kotak sumber History Brush pada statement Cotout. Perhatikan! Klik kotak sumber bukan statement-nya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l77 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya sapukan tool history brush pada sebagian area layer mobil, tampilan area akan kembali pada filter Cutout.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l77 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jika ingin menampilkan sebagian mobil pada tampilan awal, dapat mengklik kotak sumber hietory brush pada snapshot, kemudian sapukan tool history brush pada area mobil. Dapat diulang-ulang langkah di atas sampai mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Layer Mask (Masking)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masking digunakan untuk membuat perlindungan pada image yang ingin di edit. Di dalam pembuatan layer mask, warna hitam menghapus area, sedangkan warna putih akan menampilkan area layer yang di masking<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seperti halnya teknik Quick Mask, pembuatan layer Mask juga melibatkan tool mewarnai, seperti tool Brush Paint Bucket, atau Gradient. Oleh karena melibatkan tool mewarnai, dengan pilihan warna antara hitam sampai putih, maka pada saat membuat mask pada layer mask harus diperhatikan warna pada kotak Foreground Color atau Background Color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer mask biasa digunakan untuk memanipulasi dua image menjadi satu. Contohnya jika bermaksud mengganti latar belakang suatu image dengan iamge yang lain. Cara menggabungkan dua image menjadi satu adalah sbb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak05 dan landscape 3 atau file yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada Title Bar, klik tombol Restore untuk menampilkan kedua image layar monitor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gabungkan image dengan menyeret image file anak ke image landscape menggunakan move tool.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Beri nama anak untuk layer hasil penggabungan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aturlah posisi layer anak <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkan layer anak, kemudian klik menu Layer < Add Layer Mask > Reveal All sehingga dalam layer anak akan terlihat thumbnail Layer Mask<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Brush pada toolbox, kemudian tentukan warna kotak foreground menjadi hitam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan ukuran Brush, kemudian sapukan tool ke dalam kanvas untuk menghilangkan area latar belakang image anak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Apabila pada saat menyapukan tool brush terdapat bagian objek anak yang terhapus, kita dapat menampilkan kembali dengan mengganti warna foreground menjadi putih, kemudian menyapukan tool pada area yang akan ditampilkan kembali<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ulangi langkah no. 7 – 9 sampai semua area latar belakang image terhapus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu dapat mempertahnkan layer mask, atau mengahapusnya. Penghapusan layer mask dilakukan dengan cara.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu layer > Remove layer mask > apply untuk menerapkan copping yang terbentuk dari masking<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Layer > Remove Layer Mask > Discard untuk menghapus dan mengembalikan image seperti awal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo71; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Vektor Mask<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat menggunakan objek vector untuk ddijadikan masking, atau yang dikenal dengan istilah vector mask. Praktek berikut adalah menerapkan masking menggunakan objek vector.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak.06 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers, aktifkan layer anak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Layer > Add vector Mask > Reveal All.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool custom shape pada toolbox, kemudian pilih bentuk shap pada option bar sesuai keinginan, misalnya bentuk hati.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret custom shape ke dalam kanvas, untuk membuat bingkai pada objek anak.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya dapat menambhakan efek layer style pada layer anak, misalnya Bevel Embos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat juga kita membuat layer baru untuk dijadikan latar belakang, kmudian menerapkan efek filter pada layer. Mis. Efek clounds dan texture pada layer tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat menerapkan hasil cropping menggunakan vector mask dengan merasterisasi vector terlebih dahulu. Klik menu Layer > rasterize <> vector Mask.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah vector mask dirasterisasi menjadi layer mask, kita dapat melakukan salah satu cara berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu layer > Remove layer mask > apply untuk menerapkan copping yang terbentuk dari masking<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Layer > Remove Layer Mask > Discard untuk menghapus dan mengembalikan image seperti awal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 593px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengenal struktur vector<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membedakan layer shape dan path<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menggunakan tool vektor dan memodifikasi jenis bentuk kurva<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengenal palet path<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Konversi ke Bitmap<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l33 level1 lfo72; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Bekerja dengan Path<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Vektor adalah </span>s<span lang="EN-US">ebuah objek atau bentuk yang tidak terpengaruh besarnya resolusi. Dalam Photoshop, objek vector dibentuk dan dimodifikasi menggunakan tool Pen, Shape, Path Selektion dan Direct Selection.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 39.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 43.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="38314f" cropleft="3676f" cropright="58499f" croptop="22349f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image094.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l33 level1 lfo72; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengenal Struktur Vektor<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vektor terbentuk dari rangkaian anchor point. Anchor point adalah titik yang mendefinisikan struktur bentuk objek. Di antara anchor point terdapat garis penghubung yang disebut segmen. Gabungan antara rangkaian anchor point dengan segmen membentuk kurva, baik kurva terbuka atau tertutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1097" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 16.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 97.5pt; margin-top: 18.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 122;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Segmen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shapetype adj="10800" coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t34" o:oned="t" o:spt="34" path="m,l@0,0@0,21600,21600,21600e"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> </v:f></v:formulas> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"> <v:handles> <v:h position="#0,center"> </v:h></v:handles> <o:lock shapetype="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape adj="338,-352800,-123525" id="_x0000_s1099" o:connectortype="elbow" style="height: 27pt; left: 0; margin-left: 15.75pt; margin-top: 18.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 48pt; z-index: 124;" type="#_x0000_t34"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape adj="-373,353224,-137048" id="_x0000_s1098" o:connectortype="elbow" style="flip: y; height: 25.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 147pt; margin-top: 19.9pt; position: absolute; rotation: 180; text-align: left; width: 43.5pt; z-index: 123;" type="#_x0000_t34"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 24.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 204.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="39322f" cropleft="8927f" cropright="38229f" croptop="20669f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image095.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anchor Point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Membedakan Layer Shape dan Path<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada saat mengaktifkan tool vector, Kita diberi opsi untuk membuat objek vector (layer shape), atau path dalam option Bar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape adj="-210,517703,-95040" id="_x0000_s1101" o:connectortype="elbow" style="flip: y; height: 23.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 68.25pt; margin-top: 27.1pt; position: absolute; rotation: 180; text-align: left; width: 41.25pt; z-index: 126;" type="#_x0000_t34"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape adj="0,-517703,-130582" id="_x0000_s1100" o:connectortype="elbow" style="height: 23.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 127.5pt; margin-top: 27.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 33pt; z-index: 125;" type="#_x0000_t34"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1050" style="height: 33.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 126pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59150f" cropright="57659f" croptop="3025f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image096.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Layer Shape Path<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Apabila memilih untuk membuat objek vector, aktifkan opsi layer shape. Pembuatan objek vector akan ditempatkan pada layer shape. Sedangkan jika memilih path, kurva yang dibuat secara fisik belum menjadi objek, dengan kata lain tidak ikut tercetak. Hal ini karena path merupakan bantuan untuk pengeditan. Untuk membuat path secara fisik menjadi objek, kita dapat mewarnai path tersebut, atau membuat path menjadi seleksi untuk selanjunya diedit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan tool vector<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photoshop menyedia berbagai macam tool pembuat vector, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool pen digunakan untuk membuat kurva bebas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool rengtangle digunakan untuk membuat kurva berbentuk kotak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Rounded Rectangle digunakan untuk embuat kurva berbentuk kotak dengan sudut yang landai.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Ellipse digunakan untuk membuat kurva berbentuk ellips<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool polygon digunakan untuk membuat kurva dengan banyak sisi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool line digunakan untuk membuat kurva berbentuk garis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Custom Shape digunakan untuk membentuk kurva dengan berbagai bentuk yang disediakan program.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049" style="height: 58.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 99pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29911f" cropright="51673f" croptop="22518f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image097.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Pen digunakan untuk membuat kurva secara bebas, baik yang berbentuk garis lurus, atau melengkung. Cara menggunakan pen tool untuk membuat kurva bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah dokumen baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan pen tool, kemudian pilihlah opsi mode pembuatan kurva sesuai keinginan, layer shape atau path pada option bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan salah satu cara berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool untuk membuat anchor point garis lurus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool untuk membuat anchor point garis lengkung<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Geserlah tool ke posisi yang baru, kemudian ulangi langkah nomor 3 untk membuat segmen pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ulangi langkah nomor 3 dan 4 untuk mebuat segmen berikutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akhiri pembuatan kurva dengan melakukan satu cara berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk membuat kurva tertutup, klik tool pada anchor point pertama<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk membuat kurva terbuka, aktifkan tool lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Modifikasi Bentuk Kurva<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam membentuk sebuah kurva diperlukan beberapa modifikaso untuk menghasilkan variasi bentuk. Modifikasi bentuk kurva bisa menambahkan,mengurangi, mengonvert anchor point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menambah Anchor Point <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Langkah-langkah untuk menambahkan anchor point menggunakan tool Add Achor Point, seperti berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah sebuah kurva, misalnya seperti segitiga<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu klik tool di area garis segmen untuk menambahkan anchor point garis lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu klik tool di atas garis segmen untuk menambahkan anchor point garis lurus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1102" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x y; height: 15.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 267.75pt; margin-top: 34.5pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 27.75pt; z-index: 127;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 66.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 120pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="31424f" cropright="52723f" croptop="22685f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image098.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 66.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 107.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="30584f" cropright="53038f" croptop="22518f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengurangi Anchor Point<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengurangi anchor point prinsipnya sama dengan menambahkan anchor point, tetapi tool yang digunkan adalah Delete Anchor Point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Konversi Anchor Point<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool convert Point berfungsi untuk mengonversi anchor point garis lurus menjadi garis melengkung, dan sebaliknya. Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah kurva yang semua anchor poinya bertipe garis lurus seperti gambar dibawah ini<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046" style="height: 88.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 62.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="21341f" cropleft="11763f" cropright="43691f" croptop="21341f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Convert Point pada toolbox, kemudian seret salah satu anchor point yang paling atas. Seperti contoh di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1103" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 11.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 6pt; margin-top: 32pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 16.5pt; z-index: 128;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1104" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x y; height: 23.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 98.25pt; margin-top: 12.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 51.75pt; z-index: 129;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045" style="height: 95.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 108.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="23694f" cropright="49677f" croptop="19493f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image101.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Selection<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool selection berfungsi untuk mengatur posisi kurva<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Direct Selection<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Direction Selection berfungsi untuk mengubah bentuk kurva, dengan menyeret anchor point, atau direction line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044" style="height: 43.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="37809f" cropleft="525f" cropright="54088f" croptop="22686f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image102.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengenal Palet Path<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pengorganisasian path dilakukan menggunakan palet Path (menu Window>Path). Setiap path atau kurva yang dibuat disimpan dalam work path. Work Path disimpan dalam palet Path. Sebagai contoh apabila membuat satu kurva, maka akan tersimpan dalam satu work path. Jika melanjutkan pengeditan dengan menambahkan kurva, kurva tambahan juga akan tersimpan dalam work path yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 64.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 113.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="26551f" cropleft="15124f" cropright="33083f" croptop="19325f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image103.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042" style="height: 63.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 88.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="12840f" cropleft="54508f" croptop="38818f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image103.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kita dapat membuat work ath baru untuk menyimpan kurva yang berbeda dengan mengklik tombol <b>Create New Path</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apabila terdapat lebih dari satu work path, kita harus mengaktifkan salah satu work path sebagai tempat menyimpan kurva dengan mengklik nama work path dalam palet Paths.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 76.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 129pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="13611f" cropleft="38650f" cropright="13653f" croptop="34952f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image104.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kombinasi Path<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kita dapat mengkombinasikan bentuk path-path dalam kanvas, atau pada saat pembuatannya, seperti menggabungkan, mengurangi, atau interseksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" style="height: 30pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 188.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59150f" cropleft="6407f" cropright="46527f" croptop="3193f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image105.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Perintah Add to Shape Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah Add to Shape Area digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kurva menjadi satu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah dua path.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool path selection tool, kemudian geser slah satu kurva sehingga posisinya bersimpangan dengan kurva satunya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seleksilah kedua kurva tersebut. Tekan tombol shieft pada keyboard, kemudian klik kedua kurva .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada option bar, klik Add to shape Area, dan klik tombol combine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" style="height: 40.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 72.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="30584f" cropleft="10188f" cropright="40645f" croptop="21845f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image106.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" style="height: 46.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 58.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29744f" cropleft="10608f" cropright="43901f" croptop="21845f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" style="height: 45.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 61.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="30247f" cropleft="10503f" cropright="44005f" croptop="22181f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image105.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Perintah Substract From Shape Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah subtract from shape area digunakan untuk mengurangi dua kurva menjadi satu. Berikut akan dipraktekkan penggunaan perintah subtract from shape area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan salah satu tool shape, misalnya custom shape, kemudian pada option bar pilihlah opsi Layer Shape<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool shape untuk membuat objek vector. Misalnya seperti contoh<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifksn tool shape yang lain, misalnya Ellipse, kemudian pada option Bar, klik tombol subtract from shape area<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool shape untuk membuat objek vector baru, dengan sebagian areanya bersimpangan dengan objek vector yang sudah ada dalam kanvas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat mengatur ulang posisi salah satu objek vector untuk menentukan area yang akan dipotong. Aktifkan tool path selection tool, dan geser salah satu objek vector.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah bentuk kurva sesuai keinginan, Kita dapat menekan tombol Combina pada option bar untuk menerapkan pemotongan area kurva<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 72.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 69.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="33272f" cropleft="8927f" cropright="46736f" croptop="15964f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image108.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 75.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 61.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29407f" cropleft="8612f" cropright="46841f" croptop="16300f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image109.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 70.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 61.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="30247f" cropleft="8087f" cropright="47261f" croptop="16468f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image110.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 75.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 69.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="32936f" cropleft="8822f" cropright="46947f" croptop="15628f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image111.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Perintah Intersect Shape Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah Intersect Shape Area digunakan untuk membentuk kurva dan interseksi area dua kurva. Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah dua path, dan atur posisi kurva sehingga sebagian areanya bersimpangan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seleksilah kedua kurva tersebut. Tekan tombol Shieft pada keyboard, kemudian klik kedua kurva<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada Option Bar klik tombol Intersect Shape Area, dan klik tombl Combine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Perintah Exclude Overlapping Shape Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perintah Extrude Overlaping Shape Area digunakan untuk menghapus area persimpangan dua kurva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan salah satu tool Shape, misalnya Ellipse, dan pada Options Bar pilihlah opsi Layer Shape<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool Shape Ellipse, untuk membuat objek vector, misalnya seperti contoh di bawah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada option Bar, Klik tombol Exclude Overlapping Shape Area, dan buatlah objek vector kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Atur posisi objek vector kedua sehingga sebagian areanya bersimpangan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah bentuk kurva sesuai keinginan, dapat menekan tombol Combine pada Option Bar untuk menghapus area persimpangan dua kurva<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 76.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 50.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29407f" cropleft="12183f" cropright="46316f" croptop="18988f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_31" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 76.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 102.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="29071f" cropleft="8402f" cropright="42745f" croptop="19325f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Path.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membuat Seleksi dari Path<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 07 yang telah disediakan. Dalam dokumen terdapat dua layer, yaitu layer anak yang berisikan image anak, dan layer background.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada Toolbox, aktifkan Custom Shape, dan lakukan pengaturan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol Path untuk membuat path<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah opsi Banner dan pilihlah bentuk Seal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l46 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool Custom Shape pada kanvas untuk membuat path.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool path selection, kemudian klik kanan pada kanvas, dan pilihlah perintah Make Selektion<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l46 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog make selection yang tampil, isikan nilai 0 pada kotak feather, dan klik tombol OK utuk membuat seleksi path<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l46 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya gandakan area yang terseleksi menjadi layer baru. Klik menu select > New > layer via copy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l46 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sembunyikan layer anak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lanjutkan pengeditan dengan mewarnai latar belakang, dan menerapkan efek.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Layer Shape<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membuat Bingkai dari Objek Shape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 04 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox aktifkan custom shape, kemudian lakukan pengaturan pada option bar sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tombol shape layer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol pilihan shape, kemudian klik tombol segitiga dan pilihlah opsi frames<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah salah satu bentuk frame<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak style, pilihlah salah satu tipe sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret custom shape tool untuk membentuk objek vector <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rapikan area image anak yang berada di luar bingkai. Tampilkan palet path, kemudian seret nama path ke tombol New path untuk menduplikasi work path.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet path, aktifkanlah work path Path 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool shape Rengtangle, emudian pada option bar aktifkan tombol Add to path area<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah empat path yang menutupi area di bawah dan diluar bingkai. Selanjutnya klik combine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi berdasarkan pat tersebut. Aktifkan path selection, emudian klik kanan dalam kanvas dan pilihlah Make selection<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah bingkai terbentuk pada palet layer, aktifkan layer anak, kemudian tekan tombol Delete pada Keyboard, area yang berada di luar bingkai akan terhapus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent5" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 593px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 2.25pt; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mengidentifikasi kelompok tool seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">memodifikasi bentuk/tampilan objek (image editing)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 445.0pt;" valign="top" width="593"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">menguraikan cara mengedit seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menguasai Teknik Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proses Seleksi merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam memanipulasi image. Berdasarkan seleksi yang di buat, kita bisa mengolah atau menggabungkan sebagian area dalam image dengan image lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Seleksi </span></b><span lang="EN-US">adalah teknik menentukan area dalam layer yang akan diedit, sebagai contoh, dapat membuat seleksi berbentuk persegiempat dalam layer. Selanjutnya pengeditan dapat diterapkan hanya pada area yang berada dalam seleksi tersebut. Sedangkan area yang berada di luar seleksi tidak berpengaruh pengeditannya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Photoshop menyediakan berbagai tool dan perinta</span>h<span lang="EN-US"> seleksi untuk membuat berbagai bentuk seleksi. Dapat membuat seleksi dengan bentuk persegiempat, lingkaran, atau bentuk bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 70.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 162pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="45407f" cropleft="630f" cropright="51883f" croptop="11091f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l55 level1 lfo74; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Marquee berfungsi untuk menentukan area pengeditan dalam bentuk simestris, persigiempat, atau lingkaran. Tool ini biasa digunakan untuk dasar pembuatan boder, latar belakang, atau memanipulasi sebagian area layer dalam bentuk simestris (lingkaran atau persegiempat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Empat jenis tool Marquee yang diletakkan pada satu kelompok tool, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Rengtangular Marquee untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk persegiempat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Elliptical Marquee untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk lingkaran atau elip.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Single Row Marquee untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk garis horizontal berukuran satu piksel<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Single Column Marquee untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk garis vertical berukuran satu piksel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l55 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Rengtangular Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool ini dioperasikan dengan mengklik dan menyeretnya dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Secara default, style untuk Tool Rengtangular Marquee adalah normal, yang berarti bebas menentukan bentuk dan ukuran seleksi persegiempat. Jika bermaksud menentukan ukuran atau rasio ukuran seleksi persegiempat secara tepat, dapat mengubah style seleksinya, yaitu dengan memilih opsinya dalam kota style yang terletak dalam option bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l72 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Normal,</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> untuk membuat seleksi persegiempat secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l72 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Fixed Aspect Ratio</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk membuat seleksi persegiempat dengan menentukan rasio ukuran lebar tinggi seleksi, contoh jika ingin membuat seleksi dengan bentuk bujur sangkar dapat mengisikan nilai rasio 1 dalam kotak width dan height.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l72 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Fixed Size,</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> untuk membuat seleksi persegiempat dengan ukuran yang tepat, yaitu dengan mengisikan nilai dalam kotak width dan height, contoh, jika dalam kotak width diisikan nilai 75 px, dan dalam kotak height diisikan nilai 50 px, maka dengan mengklik Tool Rengtangular Marquee (tanpa menyeretnya) dalam kanvas, akan terbentuk seleksi persegiempat dengan ukuran 75 x 50 px.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 40.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 247.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="56798f" cropleft="16279f" cropright="28161f" croptop="3193f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image115.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l55 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Elliptical Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool ini dioperasikan dengan mengklik dan menyeretnya dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Secara default, style untuk Tool Elliptical Marquee adalah normal, yang berarti bebas menentukan bentuk dan ukuran seleksi lingkaran atau elip. Jika bermaksud menentukan ukuran atau rasio ukuran seleksi lingkaran atau elip secara tepat, dapat mengubah style seleksinya, yaitu dengan memilih opsinya dalam kota style yang terletak dalam option bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l62 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Normal,</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> untuk membuat seleksi lingkaran atau elip secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l62 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Fixed Aspect Ratio</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk membuat seleksi lingkaran atau elip dengan menentukan rasio ukuran lebar tinggi seleksi, contoh jika ingin membuat seleksi dengan bentuk lingkaran (bulat) dapat mengisikan nilai rasio 1 dalam kotak width dan height.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l62 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Fixed Size</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk membuat seleksi lingkaran atau elip dengan ukuran yang tepat, yaitu dengan mengisikan nilai dalam kotak width dan height, contoh, jika dalam kotak width dan kotak height diisikan nilai 50 px, maka dengan mengklik Tool Elliptical Marquee (tanpa menyeretnya) dalam kanvas, akan terbentuk seleksi lingkaran (bulat) dengan diameter 50 px.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Single Row Marquee dan Tool Single Row Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Single Row Marquee digunakan untuk membuat seleksi berbentuk garis horizontal dengan ukuran 1 pixsel. Tool Single Column Marque digunakan untuk membuat seleksi berbentuk garis vertical dengan ukuran 1 piksel. Tool ini dioperasikan dengan mengklik tool dalam kanvas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Seleksi Marquee I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buka file fraktik mobil 01 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan Trengtangular marquee dalam toolbox, kemudian aturlah opsinya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai 0 pada kotak feather<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih opsi Normal pada kotak style<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers aktifkan layer background, kemudian buatlah seleksi dalam layer <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkanlah tool gradient dalam toolbox, kemudian warnailah area yang berada dalam seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > Deselect<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Seleksi Marguee II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membuat Border Menggunakan Tool Elliptical Marque<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file kupu 01 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tambahkan layer baru, dengan mengklik tombol Create a new layer pada palet layers. Berikan nama layer baru ini dengan nama border, layer ini akan dijadikan tempat untuk membuat border.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Elliptical Marque dalam toolbox, kemudian lakukan pengaturan opsinya sbb.:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Feather isikan nilai 0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak style isikan dengan opsi fixed Aspect Ratio, maksud opsi ini adalah untuk membuat bentuk lingkaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkan layer border, kemudian buatlah seleksi lingkaran dalamnya. Atur posisi seleksi dengan memosisikan tool Elliptical marquee dalam area yang terseleksi, kemudian menyeret seleksi keposisi yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Edit > stroke, kemudian pada kotak dialog stroke lakukan pengaturan:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Widht isikan nilai 7<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik kotak color, kemudian pilihlah warna untuk border sesuai keinginan, sebagai contoh warna biru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Location, tandai pilihan Outside<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Mode , pilih opsi Normal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol Ok<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan menu Select > Deselect atau menekan Ctr + D<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Tool Marque III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Manipulasi Warna sebagian area layer menggunakan Tool Rentangular Marque<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil02 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkan layer mobil, setelah itu buatlah seleksi persegiempat menggunakan rengtangular marquee<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Menu Image > Adjusment > Desaturate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat melanjutkan pengeditan warna dalam area yang terseleksi menggunakan perintah Brighness/Contrast<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > Deselect, atau menekan ctrl + D pada keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan lasso Tool<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Lasso digunakan untuk menentukan area pengeditan dalam bentuk bebas atau Freehand. Tool ini biasa digunakan untuk cropping image dengan bentuk bebas. Menyeleksi dengan perintah tool ini dilakukan dengan menempatkan seleksi pada batas objek.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Lasso mempunyai tiga jenis tool yang pelekatannya disarankan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Lasso untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk bebas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Polygonal Lasso untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk banyak sisi (polygon)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tool Magnetic Lasso untuk membuat seleksi dengan mengacu pada kontras warna<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 88.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 153pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="45707f" cropright="54403f" croptop="9578f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Lasso<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Lasso digunakan untuk membuat seleksi dengan bentuk bebas, sesuai dengan pergeseran mouse pada saat menyeretnya. Penggunaaan Tool lasso memerlukan ketermpilan dan kemahiran dalam menggunakan mouse. Selain itu diperlukan juga mouse yang baik untuk memudahkan penggunaan tool Lasso.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Lasso juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat seleksi secara lurus jika menyeret mouse secara lurus. Oleh karena itu, tool Lasso memungkinkan pembuatan seleksi berbentuk bebas yang terdiri dari garis lurus dan melengkung.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Polygonal Lasso.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Polygonal Lasso digunakan untuk membuat seleksi berbentuk banyak sisi (polygon). Tool ini dioperasikan dengan cara beriku:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool Polygonal Lasso untuk menentukan titik awal seleksoi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Geser mouse, kemudian klik untuk membuat titik seleksi berikutnya. Dapat menekan Shieft pada keyboard saat menggeser mouse, untuk membuat garis seleksi dengan peningkatan 45 derajat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ulangi langkah di atas sebanyak yang kita inginkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol Backspace pada keyboard untuk menghapus titik seleksi sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akhiri pembuatan seleksi dengan mengklik pada tool atau mengklik di titik awal seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Magnetic Lasso<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Tool Magnetic Lasso digunakan untuk membuat seleksi berdasarkan kontras warna. Sebelum menggunakan tool Magnetic Lasso, dapat menentukan pengaturan opsi tool. Pengaturan biasa dilakukan untuk menyesuaikan kasus pengeditan gambar seperti tingkat kontras warna, kompleksitas gambar, dan yang lainnya. Pengaturan opsi tool Magnetic Lasso dilakukan dalam Option Bar, antara Lain:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Widht untuk menentukan lebar jangkauan tool menentukan batas warna<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan nilai dalam kotak Edge Contras untuk menentukan kepekaan tool terhadap batas warna image.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Isikan ilai dalam kotak Freguency untuk mengatur jumlah jumlah titik seleksi. Semakin tinggi nilainya, semakin banyak titik seleksi, dan pembuatan seleksi menjadi cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tool Magnetic Lasso dioperasikan dengan cara sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool di atas batas warna untuk menentukan titik awal seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Geserlah mouse mengikuti batasb warna gambar, secara otomatis tool akan menempel pada batas warna, seperti halnya magnet pada besi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombo Backspace pada keyboard untuk menghapus titik seleksi sebelumnya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akhiri pembuatan seleksi dengan mengklik di atas titik awal seleksi, atau menekan tomnbol Enter pada keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b><span lang="EN-US">Tool Magnetic Lasso tepat</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> digunakan untuk membuat seleksi dalam gambar yang mempunyai kontras warna tinggi, karena semakin tinggi kontras warna semakin mudal tool menentukan batas seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Tool Lasso I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cropping Image Menggunakan Tool Lasso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Praktik penggunaan tool lasso adalah cropping image secara bebas (Free Hand) menggunakan tool Lasso,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file apel yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebelum melakukan pengeditan gandakan layer Background, kemudian berikan nama apel untuk layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool lasso dalam toolbox, kemudian buatlah seleksi secara bebas dengan menyeret tool dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Layer > New > Layer via copy. Perintah ini akan membuat layer baru yang berisi image dari hasil seleksi. Berikanlah nama apel 2 untuk layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers tambahkan layer dengan mengklik tombol Add a New layer, kemudian berikan nama latar untuk layer baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool paint bucket, kemudian warnailah layer latar sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Aturlah posisi layer latar berada di bawah layer apel 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkanlah layer apel 2, kemudian berikan efek layer style Drop Shadow<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Tool Lasso II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cropping Image Menggunakan Tool Polygonal Lasso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 03 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Polygonal Lasso dalam toolbox, kemudian buatlah seleksi pada gambar latar, yaitu bukit. Kita harus sabar dan teliti menyeleksi batas objek untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Pada saat membuat seleksi, semakin banyak klik untuk membuat titik rangkaian seleksi, hasilnya akan semakin halus. Dapat menekan tombol Del pada keyboard untuk menghapus titik sebelumnya yang posisinya kurang tepat, kemudian mengulangi pembuatan titik yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah objek latar belakang mobil terseleksi, tekan tombol delete pada keyboard untuk menghapusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat melanjutkan pengeditan dengan mewarnai layer Background. Pada praktek ini layer background diwarnai dengan tool Pain Bucket opsi Pattern (rock pattern)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">10.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Tool Magic Wand<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Magic Wand Tool digunakan untuk membuat seleksi berdasarkan toleransi kemiripan warna. Sebagai contoh, jika kita mengklik tool Magic Wand di atas warna kuning sebagai warna sampel, akan terbentuk seleksi pada area yang warnanya mirip sesuia toleransi yang ditentukan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pengaturan opsi tool Magic Wand dilakukan melalui option Bar, Antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Toleransi</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, untuk menentukan toleransi warna yang akn dimaksudkan ke dalam seleksi. Semakin tinggi nilainya, semakin luas jangkauan toleransi warnanya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <b>Contiguous</b>, untuk menyeleksi warna-warna yang poisinya saling menempel dan berkaitan. Dengan kata lain, meskipun terda</span>p<span lang="EN-US">at warna yang sama tetapi posisinya tidak menempel atau berkaitan dengan warna sampel yang diklik, maka warna tersebut tidak akan masuk ke dalam seleksi. Apabila kotak contiguous dikosongkan, tool Magic Wand akan menyeleksi semua warna yang masuk dalam toleransi warna sampel, meskipun posisinya tidak menempel atau berkaitan dengan warna sampel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Praktek berikut ini adalah menyeleksi latar belakang gambar menggunakan tool Magic Wand, kemudian menghapusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file kupu-kupu yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox aktifkan tool magic wand, kemudian pada option bar, isikan nilai 30 pada kotak Toleransi, dan tandai kotak Contiguous<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pastikan layer kupu dlam keadaan aktif, kemudian klik Magic Wand di atas area latar belakang image kupu untuk menyeleksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol Del pada keyboard untuk menghapus area latar belakang layer kupu yang terseleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah latar belakang image kupu ter pengeditan tentunya menjadi lebih muda. Dapat membuat wariasi latar belakang pada layer Background, atau layer baru, mereapkan efek pada setiap layer, dan yang lainnya. Seperti menerapkan efek layer style serta memberikan gradasi pada layer background.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Perintah Color Range<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Perintah color range digunakan untuk memb</span>u<span lang="EN-US">at seleksi berdasarkan warna yang dipilih. Praktik penggunaan perintah Color Range untuk membuat selsksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file flower 03 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Praktek ini akan menghapus latar belakang bunga, dan membuat latar belakang baru. Oleh karena itu akan dibuat seleksi pada area tersebut latar belakang bunga. Pembuatan seleksi akan dilakukan mengguakan perintah Col</span>o<span lang="EN-US">r Range. Klik Menu Select > Color Range<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam kotak dialog Color Range, lakukan pengaturan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah opsi selection<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk menyeleksi area latar belakang, klik pada area latar belakang. Pada tampilan Preview, area yang berwarna putih menginm</span>i<span lang="EN-US">dikasikan area tersebut masuk ke dalam seleksi. Sedangkan yang berwarna hitam tidak masuk ke dalam seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hasil priview memperlihatkan belum semua area latar belakang masuk ke dalam seleksi, karena masih terdapat area berwarna abu-abu. Agar semua area latar belakang bisa masuk ke dalam seleksi, kita perlu mengatur ulang nilai Fuzziness, yaitu denga</span>n<span lang="EN-US"> menambahkannya. Sem</span>a<span lang="EN-US">kin tinggi nilai Fuzziness, jangkauan seleksi akan semakin lebar. Sebagai contoh isikan nilai 200, semua area latar belakang akan masuk ke seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol OK akan terbentuk seleksi pada area latar belakang image<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah area latar belakang layer bunga terseleksi, tekan tombol Del pada keyboard untuk menghapusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > deselect atau menekan tombol Ctrl+D pada keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat melanjutkan manipulasi dengan mewarnai layer Background, misalnya memberikan warna gradasi dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Quick Mask<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Pengeditan Quick Mask digunakan untuk membuat perlindungan pada image area yang diterapkan mask dari pengeditan. Dengan kata lain, Mode Quick Mask akan membuat kover pada area dalam image untuk menghindarkan area tersebut dari pengeditan. Pembuatan mask dilakukan menggunakan tool mewarnai, seperti tool Brush, Paint Bucket, Gradient. Pada mode Quick Mask, warna kotak foreground dan background mnjadi level abu-abu. Penggunaan warna hitam untuk mewarnai area dalam image akan membentuk mask. Sedangkan penggunaan warna putih akan menghapus mask<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 04 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox tentukan warna kotak foreground menjadi hitam, kemudian klik tombol Edit in Quick Mask Mode pada Toolbox<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Brush pada toolbox, emudian aturlah pada menu option sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Mode, tentukan pilihan Normal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Opacity, sikan nilai 100%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan ukuran brush sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah area masking dengan menyapukan tool Brush pada objek mobil. IUntuk mendapatkan hasil yang rapi harus sabar dan teliti dalam menyapukan tool Brush, kemudian dalam objek akan ada sudut yang sempit. Pembuatab mask pada sudut sempit dapat dilakukan dengan memperkecil ukuran bush.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Apabila terdapat area di luar objek mobil yang terkena sbuan brush, dapat menghapusnya dengan mengganti warna pada foreground menjadi warna putih, kemudian menyapukan tool brush pada area tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol Edit in standard mode pada toolbox untuk kembali ke mode pengeditan standar, dan mask akan berubah menjadi seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers buatlah layer baru, kemudian berilah warna pada area yang terseleksi dalam layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lanjutkan manipulasi dengan mengurangi opacity layer baru, misalnya menjadi 25<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik Menu Select > Deselect <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengedit Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Setelah seleksi terbentuk, dimungkinkan untuk mengedit seleksi. Dapat dengan menggeser, mengubah bentuk, menambah border, memperlebar, memperkecil ukuran seleski, dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membuat Layer dari Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buat seleksi dalam layer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer, klik kanan nama layer, kemudian pilihlah perintah:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer via copy untuk menggandakan area yang terseleksi menjadi layer baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer via cut untuk memotong area yang terseleksi, dan meletakkan hasil potongan ke dalam layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">14.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggeser seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Pilihan untuk menggeser seleksi yang sudah ada bisa dilakukan jika posisi seleksi kurang tepat pada area yang seharusnya masuk seleksi. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terdapat berbagai teknik meggeser seleksi, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memosisikan tool seleksi, seperti Marque, Lasso, atau yang lainnya, dalam area seleksi, kemudian menyeretnya ke posisi yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menekan tombol panah kiri, kanan, atas, atau bawah untuk menggeser seleksi sejauh 1 piksel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menekan tombol Shieft + panah kiri, kanan, atas, atau bawah, untuk menggeser seleksi sejauh 5 piksel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transformasi seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Transformasi seleksi diguanakan untuk mengubah orientasi seleksi, skala, rotasi, dan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Teknik mentransformasi seleksi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file cabe yang telah sisediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah sebuah seleksi persegiempat menggunakan tool Rengtangular Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik kanan dalam area yang tersleksi, kemudian pilihlah perintah Transform selection, sehingga tampil kotal transformasi di sekeliling seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat menerapkan berbagai transformasi seleksi berdasarkan kotak tramsformasi sbb.:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Posisikan pointer di atas di dekat salah satu handle transformasi (kotak kecil), kemudian seret untuk menerapkan transformasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik kanan dalam area yang terseleksi, kemudian pilihlah tipe transformasi yang akan diterapkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Apabila sudah cocok dengan bentuk transformasi seleksi, terapkanlah tranmsformasi tersebut dengan menekan tombol Enter pada keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Manipulasi selanjutnya, dapat menerapkan perintah Layer via copy, kemudian menerapkan efek layer style pada layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Membuat Border Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Seleksi bisa ditambahkan dengan border. Border di sini bukan membuat border di semua sisi image, namun border untu seleksi. Langkahnya sbb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 0</span>5<span lang="EN-US"> yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi menggunakan Elliptical Marquee<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Select > Modify > Border, kemudian pada kotak dialog border selection berikan nilai 10 pada kotak width.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat kita lanjutkan manipulasi, misalnya menggandakan area yang terseleksi menjdi layer baru dengan perintah Layer Via Copy (CTRL+J)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menambahkan efek layer style Bevel Emboss, sehingga tampil seperti terlihat di dalam cermin/kaca.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menghaluskan Bentuk Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b><span lang="EN-US">Feather</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> digunakan untuk menghaluskan bentuk seleksi sehingga menampilkan efek transisi pada batas seleksi. Sebagai contoh jika kita mewarnai pada area seleksi yang dibuat dengan Feather 0, maka batasnya akan terlihat tajam. Sedangkan jika mewarnai pada area seleksi yang dibuat dengan feather 20, maka akan terlihat efek transisi pada batasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 19.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 251.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="59150f" cropright="41170f" croptop="3361f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image117.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pengaturan Feather seleksi dilakukan dengan cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah tool salah satu marquee atau lasso, kemudian pada option bar isikan nilai dalam kotak Feather .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi dalam kanvas, setelah itu kita dapat mengatur ulang nilai Feather, dengan mengklik menu Select > Feather, kemudian isikan nilai baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">17.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur Ulang Ukuran Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Pengaturan ulang ukuran seleksi menggunakan perintah Expand selection. Perintah ini akan memperbesar seleksi sesuai nilai yang ditentukan. Langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakukan adalah sbb.:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah sembarang seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Select > Modify > Expand. Pada kotak dialog Expand selection, isikan nilai dalam kotak Expand By, kemudian klik tombol OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat kita memperkecil ukuran seleksi menggunakan menu Select > modify > Contract<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Membalikkan Seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Prinsip dari membalik seleksi adalah area yang sebelumnya terseleksi menjadi tidak terseleksi. Untuk membalik seleksi digunakan perintah Inverse, yaitu dengan mengklik menu Select > Inverse<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file alpukat yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Image alpukat akan di cropping dari latar belakangnya. Oleh karena itu, objek alpukat akan terseleksi dan dipisahkan dari latar belakangnya. Karena Latar belakang mempunyai warna solid, seleksi area latar belakang terlebih dahulu. Aktifkan layer alpukat, kemudia seleksi latar belakang image aplukat menggunakan Magic Wand.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Balikkan seleksi untuk mendapatkan seleksi pada image alpukat dengan mengklik menu Select > Inverse. Sekarang daerah yang terseleksi adalah alpukat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer klik kanan nama layer, kemudian pilihlah perintah Layer Via copy. Dengan cara ini akan dibuat layer baru yang berisi objek alpukat. Berikanlah nama alpukat untuk layer baru tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah layer baru, kemudian aturlah urutannya sehingga berada di bawah layer alpukat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Warnalah layer baru dengan pattern (tool paint Bucket opsi pattern)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Terapkan juga efek layer style outher glow pada layer alpukat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">19.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menentukan Mode Pengoperasian Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat membuat seleksi baru berdasarkan seleksi yang sudah ada dalam kanvas dengan seleksi baru. Pengeditan seleksi dengan menambah, mengurangi, atau memotong seleksi dilakukan dengan memilih mode pengoperasian pada option bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Add to Selection untuk menambahkan seleksi baru dengan seleksi yang sudah ada<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Subtract from selection untuk mengurangi seleksi yang sudah ada dengan seleksi yang baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Intersect with selection untuk membuat seleksi baru dari persimpangan area seleksi yang sudah ada dengan seleksi baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">20.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menambah seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Penambahan seleksi dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan seleksi baru pada seleksi yang sudah ada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi pertama dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan mode pengoperasian Add to selection, kemudian buatlah seleksi kedua dalam kanvas. Jika seleksi kedua areanya bersinggungan dengan seleksi pertama, maka akan terbentuk seleksi gabungan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">21.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengurangi seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Pengurangan seleksi dilakukan dengan cara menyinggung kan seleksi kedua pada seleksi yang pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi pertama dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan mode pengoperasian Subtract from selection, kemudian buatlah seleksi kedua dalam kanvas melintas area seleksi pertama yang akan dikurangi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Interseksi seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Interseksi seleksi adalah membuat seleksi dengan mengurangi seleksi yang bersimpangan di antara dua seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi pertama dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan mode pengoperasian Intersect with selection, kemudian buatlah seleksi kedua dlam kanvas melintasi area seleksi pertama.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktik Mode Pengoperasian Seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cropping Image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Teknik cropping image menggunakan too seleksi dengan cara memotong atau mengurangi seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file tomat yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers aktifkan layer tomat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox, aktifkanlah tool Elliptical Marque dengan nilai feather 0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool Elliptical marquee ke dalam image, kemudian buatlah seleksi sebagian di luar nampan dan buah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Masih menggunakan tool Elliprical marquee, tekan dan tahan tombol Alt pada keyboard, kemudian seret tool ke dalam kanvas untuk memotong seleksi yang berada dalam objek nampan dan buah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lepaskanlah tekanan pada tombol Alt, seleksi akan terpotong pada bagian yang berada dalam nampan dan buah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol Del pada keyboard untuk menghapus image latar belakang pada objek tomat dan nampan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ulangi langkah di atas untuk menghapus latar belakang secara keseluruhan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rapikan atau hapus sisa latar belakang yang belum terhapus dengan menyeleksinya menggunakan tool Polygonal Lasso<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah latar belakang terhapus dapat mlanjutkan manipulasi sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">22.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menyimpan dan membuka seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file strawberry yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan Magic Wand, kemudian tandai kotak Contigous pada option bar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool magic wand pada area latar belakang image untuk menyeleksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu select > Inverse untuk membalikkan seleksi, sehingga objek buahlah yang sekarang terseleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Langkah selanjutnya adalah menyimpan seleksi. Lakukanlah salah satu cara berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik kanan dalam area yang terseleksi, kemudian pilih perintah save selection atau<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu selection > save selection<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Pada kotak dialog save selection yang tampil, berikan nama untuk identifikasi seleksi dalam kota Name, misalnya buah, kemudian klik tombol Ok. Sekarang kita sudah mempunyai seleksi yang tersimpan dengan nama buah dan sewaktu-waktu bisa dibuka kembali<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hiangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu select > Deselect, atau menekan tombol Ctrl + D pada keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Simpan image, kemudian tutuplah dokumen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">23.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Membuka selection (Load Selection)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Sekarang kita sudah mempunyai simpanan seleksi. Sewaktu-waktu seleksi tersebut dapat dibuka. Cara membuka seleksi yang telah kita simpan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Bukalah image yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan penyimpanan seleksi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik Select > Load Selection, pada kotak dialog LoadSelection, pilihlah nama seleksi (buah) dalam kotak Channel, kemudian klik tombol OK, seleksi akan tampil pada kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat melanjutkan manipulasi sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">24.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menentukan Mode Pengoperasian Load Selection<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Apabila sebelum membuka seleksi (load seleksi), sudah terdapat seleksi dalam kanvas, Kita dapat menentukan mode pengoperasian load selection pada kotak dialog Load Selection kolom mode pengoperasian dengan cara berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah New untuk mengganti seleksi yang sudah ada dengan seleksi yang akan dibuka (load)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah Add to selection untuk menambhakan seleksi yang akan dibuka dengan seleksi yang sudah ada dalam kanvas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah subtract from selection untuk mrengurangi seleksi yang sudah ada dalam kanvas dengan seleksi yang akan dibuka, berdasarkan area yang bersimpangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilihlah Intersect with selection untuk membuat seleksi baru berdasarkan persimpangan area antara seleksi yang sudah ada dengan seleksi yang akan dibuka<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan filter artistic, filter Blur, </span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Filter Distort, Filter Render, Filter Sketch, Filter Texture, Filter Pattern Maker, Extrack, Filter Liquify.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggunakan Filter<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Dalam photoshop terdapat fasilitas untuk memanipulasi image dengan memberikan efek pada image yang disebut filter. Kita dapat menerapkan efek filter pada sebagian image atau keseluruhan image. Dalam satu image juga dapat diterapkan beberapa efek filter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Artistic<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter artistic digunakan untuk membentuk efek artistic, seperti lukisan menggunakan cat, pencil, dll. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contohnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file floer 04 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebelum memulai pengeditan gandakan layer background, kemudian berikan nama bunga untuk layer hasil penggandaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkan layer bunga, setelah itu seleksi objek bunga pada palet layer bunga menggunakan Elliptical marquee<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan efek filter artistic pada layer bunga dengan mengklik menu Filter > Artistic > Fresco<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog pengaturan opsi fresco yang tampil, lakukan pengaturan untuk mendapatkan efek sesuai keinginan, kemudian klik OK untuk menerapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat mendramatisasi tampilan dengan menambahkan filter Rough Pastels pada layer bunga. Klik menu Filter > Artistic > Rough Pastels, kemudian lakukan pengaturan opsi filter sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Blur<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter blur digunakan untuk memberikan efek kabur pada image.Pada praktik ini, filter blur akan diterapkan untuk mengaburkan latar belakang image sehingga objek terlihat lebih menonjol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh pemberian efek Blur > Radiar Blur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file kereta api yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gandakan layer background, kemudian beri nama kereta api, untuk layer hasil penggandaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkanlah layer kereta api, kemudian seleksi objek kereta api menggunakan tool polygonal lasso<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Balikkan hasil seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > Inverse<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu, berikan efek kabut pda area yang terseleksi dengan mengklik menu Filter > Blur > radial Blur, kemudian pada kotak dialog lakukan pengaturan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Blur method, pilihlah opsi zoom<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Quality, tandai Best<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Ammount isikan nilai 30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Blur centre, klik pada bagian kanan untuk menentukan pusat pengaburan pada posisi tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">OK untuk menerapkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > Deselect, atau menekan tombol Ctrl + D pada keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Manipulasi selanjutnya, dapat mengurangi nilai opacity layer kereta api menjadi 75%, sehingga tampilan efek radial blur terlihat lebih halus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Distort<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter distort berfungsi untuk mendistorsi piksel, seperti mumatar, memilin, menggembungkan, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh memberikan efek Zigzag<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file landscape 02 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gandakan layer background kemudian beri nama air<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan layer air, kemudian buatlah seleksi menggunakan elliptical marquee tool<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu filter > Distort > Zigzag, kemudian pada kotak dialog zigzag yang tampil, lakukan pengaturan sesuai keinginan. Klik OK.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Render<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter render digunakan untuk membuat efek awan, bias sinar matahari dll.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contoh memberikan efek clounds<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file landscape 01 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebelum melakukan pengeditan gandakan layer Background, kemudian beri nama kota untuk ahsil penggandaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah layer baru dengan nama awan, kemudian atur urutannya sehingga berada di bawah layer kota<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ubahlah warna foreground dan background warna biru muda (mendekati putih) dan warna biru tua<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers pastikan layer awan dalam keadaan aktif, kemudian klik menu filter > Render > Clounds<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Layer awan telah diterapkan filter clound, tetapi tidak terlihat karena layer ini berada di bawa layer kota. Kita dapat menyembunyikan layer kota untuk melihat hasil pembuatan efek awan, dengan mengklik ikon mata di samping nama layer kota.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya adalah menghapus latar belakang langit layer kota. Pada palet layers aktifkan dan tampilkan kembali layer kota<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan wagic wand tool, kemudian klik pada area langit layer kota untuk menyeleksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol shief pada keyboard, kemudian klik magic wand tool pada area langit yang belum terseleksi, sehingga semua area langit masuk ke dalam seleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol Del pada keyboard untuk menghapusnya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menun select > Deselect atau tekan tombol Ctrl+D pada keyboard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Sketch<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter sketch digunakan untuk membuat efek sketsa. Contoh pemberian efek Sketch > Graphic Pen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 02 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebelum memulai pengeditan gandakan layer background, keudian beri nama anak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox, tentakan warn Foreground color wana putih, dan background warna hitam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu filter > Sketch > Graphic pen, kemudian lakukanpengaturan pada kotak dialog Graphic pen sesuai keinginan. Klik tombol OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Texture<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Dapat membuat tekstur latar belakang menggunakan filter texture seperti contoh di bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 03 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers aktifkan layer background, kemudian klik menu Filter > Texture > Texturizer. Pada kotak dialog texturizer yang tampil, pilihlah tipe tekstur pada kotak texturizer, kemudian atirlah opsinya sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Pattern Maker<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat membuat pola sendiri untuk dijadikan latar belakang image menggunakan filter pattern maker. Contoh penggunaanya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 03 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada jendela kerja, aktifkan file balon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox aktifkan move tool, kemudian seret layer background file balon ke dalam file anak. Langkah ini akan menyisipkan image pada layer background file ke dalam layer baru file anak 03.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sekarang aktifkan file anak 03<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers aktifkan layer balon, kemudian klik menu Filter > Pattern Maker<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog Pattern Maker lakukan pengaturan:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Buatlah seleksi persegiempat mengelilingi image balon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol generate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat mengulangi mengklik tombol generate untuk mendapatkan hasil pola yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol OK untuk menerapkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">h.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Extrack<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter extrack digunakan untuk meng-cropping image dengan hasil artistic. Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file anak 04 yang telah disediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layer aktifkan layer anak, kemudian klik menu filter > Extrack. Lakukan pengaturan pada kotak dialog extrack sbb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Edge Highligter (tool Brush). Atur ukuran brush dengan mengisi nilai sesuai kinginan pada kotak brush size<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sapukan Edge Highlighter pada image dalam kotak tampilan extrac sehingga membentuk frame (seperti bingkai)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah menyapukan brush, aktifkan tool fill dan klik untuk mewarnai area yang berada dalam area sapuan brush. Tujuan mewarnai image untuk melindungi area tersebut dari ekstraksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Filter Liquify<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Filter liquefy merupakan simulasi cat basah yang dibesut dengan jari, sehingga akan membentuk berbagai macam efek seperti diputar, diciutkan, digelembungkan dsb. Sebagai contoh membuat lida api<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 07 yang telah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet layers tambahkan layer baru dengan mengklik tombol Create a New layer, kemudian beri nama api untuk layer baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada toolbox tentukan warna kotak foreground color menjadi merah, dan background color menjadi kuning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet Layers pastikan layer api dalam keadaan aktif kemudian klik menu Filter > Render > clounds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah member efek clounds pada layer api, lanjutkan dengan mengklik menu Filter > Liquify. Pada kotak dialog liquify yang tampil lakukan pengaturan berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Brush size isikan nilai sesuai keinginan, hal ni untuk mengatur besar kecilnya kuas, sebagai contoh isikan nilai 40.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Brush Density isikan niali sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak Brush Pressure isikan nilai sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Turbulance, kemudian lakukan besutan ataun sapuan pada image dalam kotak sehingga membentuk seperti lida api<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol OK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah berhasil membuat lidah api kemudian blending layer api dengan layer mobil. Pada palet layers aktifkan layer api, kemudian pilihlah opsi Linear Dodge pada kotak Blending Mode.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mendemonstrasikan cara menulis teks secara horisontal, vertikal, dan di dalam paragraf<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menuliskan teks menggunakan teknik masking<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mendemostrasikan cara trasformasi teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menerapkan warped teks, efek layer style pada teks dan rasterize teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Manipulasi Teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Teks merupakan faktor pendukung sebuah image. Suatu image bisa terlihat bagus dan menarik jika ditambahkan dengan teks tidak asal ditulis. Dengan kata lain teks tanpa ada sentuhan dekoratif tentunya mengurangi keindahan tampilan suatu image. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 52.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 171.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata cropbottom="33272f" cropright="51568f" croptop="25374f" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image119.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menuliskan Teks secara horizontal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Horisontal type dala toolbox, kemudian tentukanlah format karakter pada option bar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool dalam kanvas, akan terbuat layer type baru, kemudian ketikkan sebuah teks<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol cek dibagian kanan option bar, atau tekan tombol Enter bagian nomor pada keyboard untuk mengakhiri penulisan teks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menuliskan Teks secara Vertikal<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Pada penulisan teks secara vertical pilihlah tool vertical type kemudian lakukan langkah-langkah seperti penulisan teks horizontal di atas.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penulisan Teks dalam Format paragraph<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Dalam menuliskan sebuah teks, terkadang memerlukan teks dalam faragraf.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Photoshop</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">juga menyediakan fasilitas untuk membuat teks dalam bentuk paragraph dengan bantuan bounding box.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Horizontal Type atau Vertical Type kemudian tentukan format karakter pada option bar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seret tool ke dalam kanvas untuk membuat bounding box<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketikkan tek sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tekan tombol Enter pada bada bagian terakhir huruf untuk memulai paragraph baru<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akhiri penulisan teks dengan mengklik tombol cek pada bagian kanan option bar, atau tekan tombol Enter pada keyboar bagian angka</span>.<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menuliskan teks Menggunakan Teknik Masking<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Jika bermaksud menuliskan teks dengan efek bevel atau emboss menggunakan latar belakang image sebagai warna teks, anda bisa menggunakan teknik penulisan teks secara masking. Sebagai ilustrasi bisa dilihat pada contoh berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut ini langkah-langkah pembuatan teks masking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukalah file mobil 08.psd yang telah disediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool <b>Horizontal Type Mask</b>, kemudian aturlah format karakter sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tool <b>Horizontal Type Mask</b> ke dalam kanvas, akan tampil penulisan teks dengan kursor di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Setelah itu ketikan teks, sebai contoh ketik teks Mobil, dan aturlah posisi teks dengan menggeser mouse ke luar area teks sehingga pointer berubah bentuk menjadi tanda segitiga, kemudian seret teks ke posisi yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akhiri penulisan teks dengan mengklik tombol cek pada Options Bar, atau tekan tombol <b>Enter</b> pada keyboard bagian angka. Hasil penulisan teks akan terlihat berupa area seleksi. Selanjutnya adalah memanipulasi area yang terseleksi. Pada palet Layers, klik kanan pada nama layar mobil, kemudian pilihlah perintah <b> Layer via Copy</b>, untuk menggandakan area seleksi ke dalam layer baru. Beri nama teks untuk layer hasil penggandaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Beri efek layer style pada layer teks, misalnya bevel and emboss.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Transformasi Teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Oleh karena teks termasuk objek vector, maka penerapan tranformasi tidak akan mengurangi kualitas tampilan teks. Cara transformasi teks pada dasarnya sama dengan transformasi objek yang lain, yaitu dengan menekan tombol <b>Ctrl+T</b> pada keyboard. Sebagai ilustrasi buatlah teks di atas kanvas, misalnya ADOBE PHOTOSHOP. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Anda bisa mengaplikasikan transformasi teks dengan menggeser handle point di setiap pojok. ini membuat teks menjadi lebih lebar bisa mengubah menjadi panjang. Atau Anda dapat mengklik menu <b>Edit > Transform > Rotate </b>untuk merotasi teks. apabila bermaksud membuat teks miring, Anda dapat mengklik menu <b>Edit > Transform > Skew</b> .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Jika anda ingin membuat teks secara terbalik, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool <b>Horozontal Type</b>, kemudian tulis sebuah teks misalnya Adobe Photoshop.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu <b>Edit > Transform > Flip Horizontal </b> atau <b>Flip Vertical</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut ini kita akan memanipulasi transformasi teks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool <b>Horizontal Type</b>, dan tulis teks GAMPANG<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu <b>Edit > Rotate > 90 CW </b>untuk merotasi teks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktofkan tool <b>Move</b>, dan geser posisinya <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool <b>Horizontal Type</b>, kemudian seret dalam kanvas untuk membuat kotak teks. Setelah itu tulis teks JANGAN DIBUAT SUSAH.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rotasi teks sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya anda dapat menambahkan latar belakang sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menerapkan Warped Teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Warped Text adalah fitur untuk mendistorsi bentuk teks, seperti melekukkan teks. Langkah-langkah penerapan warped text pada teks berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tuliskan sembarang teks, misalnya The Rush.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol <b>Crate Warped Text</b> yang terletak pada bagian kanan Options Bar .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada kotak dialog Warped Text yang tampil, lakukan pengaturan berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih bentuk lekuk pada kotak style, misalnya Shell Upper.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pilih orientasi efek mengklik opsi Horizontal atau Vertical.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan nilai distorsi pada kolom Bend.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik tombol <b>OK</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada palet Layer, layer text yang diterapkan efek warped text ditampilkan dengan symbol garis melengkung di bawah huruf T.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menerapkan Efek Layer Syle pada Teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Kita dapat memanipulasi teks menggunakan efek layer style,s eperti contoh berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Horizontal Type pada toolbox, kemudian lakukan pengaturan format karakter pada menu option sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tuliskan teks sesuai keinginan, misalnya DESAIN GRAFIS PHOTOSHOP<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada palet Layer, aktifkan layer text, kemudian beri efek layer style dengan mngklik Add a layer style. Sebagai contoh berikanlah efek stroke dan Bevel and Emboss, dan dfrop Shadow<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rasterisasi Teks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Kita tidak dapat menerapkan filter pada layer text, karena teks didefinisikan sebagai objek vector, sedangkan filter hanya dapat diterapkan pada bitmap. Apabila bermaksud menerapkan filter pada teks, harus mengonversi teks menjadi bitmap atau biasa disebut istilah rasterisasi. Contoh teknik memanipulasi teks menggunakan filter:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan tool Horizontal Type, kemudian tlis sembarang teks, misalnya Wind Blows<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu layer > Rasterize > Type, sehingga layer teks beruba menjadi layer biasa, dan teks akan didefinisikan sebagai gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktifkan toll Rengtangular Marquee dengan nilai feather 0, dan seleksi baian atas teks ( sebagian dari teks)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klik menu Edit > transform > perspective, kemudian seret handle sudut kanan atas kearah dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hilangkan seleksi dengan mengklik menu Select > Deselect<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gabungkan semua layer dengan mengklik menu Layer > Flatten Image<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Efek angin akan diterapkan dengan menyimulasikan hembusan dari atas ke bagian bawah teks. Harus merotasi kanvas, klik menu Image > Rotate Canvas > 90 CCW<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya adalah mengklik warna objek teks dalam kanvas. Klik menu Adjusment > Invert<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya adalah menerapkan filter. Klik menu filter > Stylize > Wind. Pada kotak dialog Wind, pilihlah opsi From the left yang artinya memberikan efek angin dari arah kiri ke kanan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat diulangi dengan menerapkan filter angin. Klik menu filter > Wind, atau tekan tombol CTR + F pada keyboard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Selanjutnya adalah menagtur ulang orientasi kanvas. Klik menu Edit > Rotate canvas > 90 CW<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Juga dapat membalik kembali warna image, yaitu dengan mengklik menu iamge > adjustment > invert<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mencetak Image<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menggabungkan semua Layer<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Setelah pengeditan benar-benar selesai dan kita siap mencetak, sebaiknya digabungkan semua layer melalui Menu Layer > Platten Image. Penggabungan semu layer menjadi satu layer, yaitu layer Background, dan dapat mempercepat pencetakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Menyimpan dokumen dalam format lain.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Jika bermaksud menggunakan jasa digital printing untuk pencetakan, sebaliknya kita mengekspor dokumen ke dalam format file komperensi, misalnya jpg, atau tif, melalui File > Save As. Tidak semua jasa digital printing mendukung format file Photoshop. Oleh karena itu, sebaiknya membawa file asli (Photoshop) atau hasil ekspornya sebagai cadangan jika file asli tidak didukung jasa digital printing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Melihat Ukuran cetak<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Melihat ukuran cetak langsung pada jendela pengeditan Photoshop dengan mengaktifkan tool zoom, kemudian klik tombol Print > Size pada option Bar, atau dapat mengklik menu File > Print With Preview, kemudian perhatikantampilan perbandingan ukuran cetak dengan kertas cetaknya pada kotak preview.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur ulang ukuran cetak<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Apabila ukuran image melebihi ukuran kertas cetak, lakukan salah satu cara berikut ini<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat memperbesar ukuran kertas cetak melalui menu File > page Setup<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat memperkecil ukuran image melalui Image > Image size<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur Posisi Cetak<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">Secara default, Photoshop akan mencetak image dengan posisi ditengah halaman. Mengatur ulang posisi cetak melalui Menu File > Print with preview, yaitu dengan mengosongkan kotak center image, kemudian geser posisi tampilan image pada kotak previe</span>w.</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>shyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12194689153038070570noreply@blogger.com3